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April 26, 2010

Carbon unCaptured

I've never been a fan of carbon capture and sequestration for coal plants as a solution for addressing climate change. But so called "clean coal" technologies have been an important touchstone in pretty much every climate speech Obama has given -- and the current climate legislation enshrines it as a possible way forward for coal.

Well, now it looks like this particular vision of the future of coal was a mirage (via the Guardian):

A new research paper from American academics is threatening to blow a hole in growing political support for carbon capture and storage as a weapon in the fight against global warming.

The document from Houston University claims that governments wanting to use CCS have overestimated its value and says it would take a reservoir the size of a small US state to hold the CO2 produced by one power station.

Previous modelling has hugely underestimated the space needed to store CO2 because it was based on the "totally erroneous" premise that the pressure feeding the carbon into the rock structures would be constant, argues Michael Economides, professor of chemical engineering at Houston, and his co-author Christene Ehlig-Economides, professor of energy engineering at Texas A&M University

"It is like putting a bicycle pump up against a wall. It would be hard to inject CO2 into a closed system without eventually producing so much pressure that it fractured the rock and allowed the carbon to migrate to other zones and possibly escape to the surface," Economides said.

The paper concludes that CCS "is not a practical means to provide any substantive reduction in CO2 emissions, although it has been repeatedly presented as such by others."

An underground reservoir the size of a US state for a single plant?! Yeah, that's a big ol' oopsie right there. There are about 600 coal plants in operation in the US and there are, at last count, 48 contiguous states. Something about that math doesn't quite add up.

The question now is if anyone in government or industry will admit to the possibility that CCS is a fantasy. My guess is no. Like the ascendant nuclear power trend, CCS is such a convenient fiction, among other things as a way to bribe convince industry to go along with climate legislation it's hard to imagine the administration admitting we've got a naked emperor on our hands.

Photo credit: iagoarchangel

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April 16, 2010

Red Flags in the Ocean

There's bad news in the oceans -- and I'm not talking about the Pacific Garbage Patch or the bluefin tuna (NSF via Brad Johnson on Twitter).

Current observational tools cannot account for roughly half of the heat that is believed to have built up on Earth in recent years, according to a "Perspectives" article in this week's issue of the journal Science.

Scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo., warn that satellite sensors, ocean floats, and other instruments are inadequate to track this "missing" heat, which may be building up in the deep oceans or elsewhere in the climate system.

"The heat will come back to haunt us sooner or later," says NCAR scientist Kevin Trenberth, the article's lead author.

"The reprieve we've had from warming temperatures in the last few years will not continue. It is critical to track the build-up of energy in our climate system so we can understand what is happening and predict our future climate."

The authors suggest that last year's rapid onset of El Nino, the periodic event in which upper ocean waters across much of the tropical Pacific Ocean become significantly warmer, may be one way in which the solar energy has reappeared.

The article goes on to point out that we really need to understand where that missing heat is before we start hacking the planet.

But then there's this (via MoJo's Blue Marble):

A new study (pdf) shows a warming globe is intensifying Earth's water cycle, making arid regions drier and high rainfall regions wetter. It also finds a clear link between warming-driven salinity changes at the ocean's surface and changes underwater that match the pathways surface waters take into the deep ocean.

The changes in the water cycle mean that the ocean beneath rainy regions of the globe has freshened, while the ocean in areas dominated by evaporation have grown saltier. The paper also confirms that surface warming of the world’s oceans over the past 50 years has penetrated into the oceans' interior, changing deep-ocean salinity patterns.

Salinity affects the speed, direction, and depth of ocean currents.

The ocean's role as a massive heat exchanger is a central form of climate control for the planet. The fact that 1) we don't really understand what it's doing with all the excess heat we're pumping to it and 2) we're already causing pretty significant alternations to it makes me more than a touch nervous. It turns out we're already hacking the planet and we don't seem to be very good at it...

Photo credit: Duncan Rawlinson

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April 9, 2010

Americans See Weather Trees, Miss Climate Forest
A favorite refrain of climate change writers is that no individual weather event can be definitively linked to climate change. To see what's going on in the climate, you have to look at trends. And evidence is now pouring in that global warming has already changed our climate (via Brad Johnson):
Catastrophic rainfall is increasing in the northeastern United States, a new climate change report has found. As New England residents continue the clean up from the latest round of disastrous flooding, researchers at the University of New Hampshire commissioned by Clean Air-Cool Planet found these calamities are part of a long-term trend of extreme precipitation. The region, like the planet in general, is warming, shifting precipitation into more extreme events. As weather patterns are increasingly shaped by manmade pollution, the climate change impacts in specific regions like the Northeast become more starkly evident:

One of the most obvious examples of these impacts is the increase in extreme precipitation events, which, combined with changes in land use, have led to an increase in freshwater flooding events across the region, exemplified by the "100-year" floods that have occurred in southern New Hampshire in 2005, 2006, 2007. And again in 2010, powerful nor'easters drenched the northeast with 3" to 8" of rain three times (late February, middle of March, and end of March) which resulted in significant flooding across the region.

Subsequent to the floods in New England, came a record-breaking 90 degree day on April 7 in Boston. That's bad enough, but when you learn that it was the "earliest" 90 degree day on record -- the "typical" first 90 degree day in Beantown doesn't happen until June 5 -- I think you have to admit that, while we may not be at a tipping point quite yet, we're listing dangerously toward hot.

The only thing more disturbing than these developments is the fact that here in the US we're not allowed to talk about them. And -- as with other signs of civilization like national paid parental leave policies, affordable health care and effective environmental regulation -- we're increasingly alone among nations (via Joe Romm):

Other countries don't have a problem explaining to the public that extreme weather is already becoming common, just as scientists said it would (see "Must re-read statement from UK’s Royal Society and Met Office on the connection between global warming and extreme weather"). Indeed, at the very same time all the U.S. records were being smashed, the UK's Guardian reported that China is taking action to deal with warming-driven extreme weather:

China will tomorrow start ramping up preparations for typhoons, dust storms and other extreme weather disasters as part of a 10-year plan to predict and prevent the worst impacts of climate change….

China has a long history of devastating floods and droughts, but officials said the problems were intensifying.

"It is necessary to respond to the new situation under climate change to avoid and mitigate the losses caused by meteorological disasters," said Gao Fengtao, deputy director of the state council’s legislative affairs office, as he unveiled the new policy.

In recent years, he said, disasters were characterised by "sudden occurrence, wider variety, greater intensity and higher frequency in the context of global warming".

But in this country, as I've noted many times, the anti-science disinformers try to shout down any talk of a link between climate change and extreme weather.

It may partially be due to the fact that the people we've put in charge of reporting the weather don't know which way the wind blows -- but it's pretty much censorship at this point. I used to think that having lived through nearly a decade of GOP mis-government meant we'd learned some lessons about the benefits of living in the "reality-based community." But it sure seems like we're headed right back down the rabbit hole again.

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January 14, 2010

New York City and Rising Seas
As a complement to my post on The Vine asking if we're doing enough to prepare for the climate change-induced -- and inevitable -- rise in sea level, here's something from the NYT that takes a slightly different tack on the issue (thanks to TNR's Brad Plumer for pointing it out to me):

This weekend, the public was given its first glimpse of a project a year in the making: a collaboration between the Museum of Modern Art and its affiliate P.S.1, an art exhibition house. The museums have asked five separate architectural teams to come up with plans for transforming the metropolitan area's coastlines after warmer oceans and melting Antarctic ice have raised global sea levels, something many scientists predict is inevitable.

A full exhibit opens at MoMA on March 24, but what the teams are already coming up with has people talking. They envision a city lined with marshes, permeable coastlines, and oyster farms used as wave breaks. To adapt to climate change, the teams are asking New Yorkers to look at things in a more positive light -- namely, as a chance to bring a city famous for blocking out the ocean back to dealing with it.

Oyster farms, eh? That's certainly seeing opportunity in the face of disaster. Of course, it's not just coastal development that kicked out the oysters -- it was water pollution. And New York Harbor, though far cleaner that it was a few decades ago, still "harbors" enough heavy metals, pollutants and bacteria that I don't think anyone will be slurping "ersters" from its waters anytime soon. Still, power of positive thinking and all that. And I do like one team's idea of letting parts of Manhattan go all Venice and just accept streets full of water at high tide.

Anyway, it's worth noting that the architects' plans only account for about a 2 foot increase in sea level. As I highlight in my TNR post, we should plan for a 7 feet rise and very likely will get even more. An increase like that would swamp any city's most ambitious adaptation plans.

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January 13, 2010

More Power to Renewable Energy!

Now a bit of good news via the Wonk Room:
In 2004, Colorado became the first state to pass a renewable energy standard (RES) by popular vote, a measure requiring large utilities to produce 10 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2015.

Three years later, after it became clear the RES goal of 10 percent was going to be achieved nearly eight years ahead of schedule, the state legislature doubled down with a new 20 percent mandate by 2020.

Now it looks like Xcel Energy, the state’s largest utility, will be able to meet the 20 percent five years ahead of schedule. So Gov. Bill Ritter (D) and legislative leaders are uping the ante once again, making a 30 percent RES by 2020 a priority for the legislative session that begins today.

The point is that these targets often prove much easier to achieve than corporations like to admit. We have a corporate community that by and large provides kneejerk resistance to regulation so it's good to be reminded (again) that their predictions of doom/failure are usually unfounded and frequently just plain wrong.

There is no doubt in my mind that the same will prove true in the case of cap and trade. Industry, as it has countless times in the past, will discover how easy it is to function, even thrive, in a world where carbon comes with a price tag. But Colorado's experience also suggests that, in the event a climate bill fails this year or, as the WSJ speculates, is scrapped, Congress should indeed go ahead and enact an ambitious renewable energy standard -- something even cap-and-trade hating folks like Sen. Blanche Lincoln and American Farm Bureau President Bob Stallman are on record supporting. In the end, success with renewables might make coming back and enacting cap-and-trade that much easier.

Flickr photo: LordFerguson

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December 18, 2009

2C Warming - That's Not So Bad

The Guardian provides a helpful guide to what all these global warming trends could mean for different parts of the planet by century's end. Please note: the relatively "small" increase of 2C in global temps that's considered "acceptable" by most governments and scientists is still really really bad:
2C -- The temperature limit the scientists want

The heatwaves seen in Europe during 2003, which killed tens of thousands of people, will come back every year with a 2C global average temperature rise. Southern England will regularly see temperatures around 40C in summer. The Amazon turns into desert and grasslands, while increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere make the world's oceans too acidic for remaining coral reefs and thousands of other marine lifeforms. More than 60 million people, mainly in Africa, would be exposed to higher rates of malaria. Agricultural yields around the world will drop and half a billion people will be at greater risk of starvation. The West Antarctic ice sheet collapses, the Greenland ice sheet melts and the world's sea level begins to rise by seven metres over the next few hundred years. Glaciers all over the world will recede, reducing the fresh water supply for major cities including Los Angeles. Coastal flooding affects more than 10 million extra people. A third of the world's species will become extinct as the 2C rise changes their habitats too quickly for them to adapt.

But don't fool yourself into thinking that any of the cuts the US (or anyone else) is talking about at the moment would limit warming to 2C. The best we can probably hope for with current emissions targets (the ones the House passed and the Senate is considering, for example) would be this:
3C -- Looking increasingly likely

After a 3C global temperature rise, global warming may run out of control and efforts to mitigate it may be in vain. Millions of square kilometres of Amazon rainforest could burn down, releasing carbon from the wood, leaves and soil and thus making the warming even worse, perhaps by another 1.5C. In southern Africa, Australia and the western US, deserts take over. Billions of people are forced to move from their traditional agricultural lands, in search of scarcer food and water. Around 30-50% less water is available in Africa and around the Mediterranean. In the UK, summers of droughts are followed by winter floods. Sea levels rise to engulf small islands and low-lying areas such as Florida, New York and London. The Gulf Stream, which warms the UK all year round, will decline and changes in weather patterns will lead to higher sea levels at the Atlantic coasts.

Note also the bit about the possibility for runaway warming if we reach a 3C increase -- somewhat concerning since we're heading for that neighborhood. Gee, kinda makes all this concern trolling about the near-term effect on the economy of cap-and-trade sorta, um, stupid. Good thing our fearless leaders have everything under control!

h/t Brad Plumer

Photo by flydime used under a CC license

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December 16, 2009

USDA Needs a New Climate Playbook
Paula Crossfield has an excellent piece in Civil Eats on food, agriculture and climate change:
Around one third of global greenhouse gas emissions come from the way we produce, process, distribute and consume the food we eat according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Meanwhile, farmers the world over will be the most affected by climate change, as higher carbon in the atmosphere and higher temperatures increase erratic weather patterns, pests, and disease occurrence, while decreasing water availability, disrupting relationships with pollinators and lowering yield and the efficacy of herbicides like glyphosate (aka Round-Up) -- all detailed in a revealing new report from the USDA called The Effects of Climate Change on U.S. Ecosystems [pdf].
She then goes on to observe that, for all the benefits of having the USDA 100% behind climate mitigation, the techniques USDA Chief Tom Vilsack endorsed during his speech in Copenhagen can be deeply problematic if incorrectly implemented.

Vilsack talked up no-till farming, carbon markets, genetically engineered crops and ethanol. All of these techniques are either of questionable value as climate mitigators or come with serious negative consequences for soil and water quality. Sadly, the USDA continues to ignore agro-ecological techniques for addressing climate change -- techniques with a proven ability to build soil quality and sequester carbon and which places like the Rodale Institute have spent decades perfecting and studying. Agribusiness has a stranglehold on the USDA for sure. But they don't have a stranglehold on the facts. It would be nice if Vilsack and other members of the administration finally recognized that.

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December 14, 2009

When Thinking about Saving the Future, Don't Forget about Family Planning
McClatchy has a big article on how the Bush administration extended its hostility to family planning to its massive multibillion dollar global anti-AIDS inititative:
On a continent where fewer than one in five married women use modern contraception, an explosion of unplanned pregnancies is threatening to bury Adongo's family and a generation of Africans under a mountain of poverty.

Promoting birth control in Africa faces a host of obstacles — patriarchal customs, religious taboos, ill-equipped public health systems — but experts also blame a powerful, more distant force: the U.S. government.

Under President George W. Bush, the United States withdrew from its decades-long role as a global leader in supporting family planning, driven by a conservative ideology that favored abstinence and shied away from providing contraceptive devices in developing countries, even to married women.

Bush's mammoth global anti-AIDS initiative, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, poured billions of dollars into Africa but prohibited groups from spending any of it on family planning services or counseling programs, whose budgets flat-lined.

The restrictions flew in the face of research by international aid agencies, the U.N. World Health Organization and the U.S. government's own experts, all of whom touted contraception as a crucial method of preventing births of babies being infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

The Bush program is widely hailed as a success, having supplied lifesaving anti-retroviral drugs to more than 2 million HIV patients worldwide.

However, researchers, Africa experts and veteran U.S. health officials now think that PEPFAR also contributed to Africa's epidemic population growth by undermining efforts to help women in some of the world's poorest countries exercise greater control over their fertility.

With local economies and governments unable to absorb that kind of growth, this is a disaster in the making. While the article doesn't connect these dots, I'd point out that the debate over agricuture, GMOs, hunger -- over global warming itself -- comes down to various opinions on how to deal with a planetary population of 9 billion people by 2050.

Meanwhile, programs that focus on empowering women, including but not limited to giving them access to real family planning, could go a long way toward reducing that "Peak People" figure, which would make our goals that much more achievable. Those of us who spend a lot of time thinking and writing about food, ag and climate need to focus on the extent to which our future is linked to that of the developing world. Right now, there's a subtext of "better them than us" floating through much of the climate and food-related discourse. As a remedy, I feel compelled to paraphrase one of Bill Clinton's best lines from the 1992 campaign: when we're talking about the health of the plant there is no them -- there's only us.

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December 11, 2009

Same Sh*t, Different Administration
Things are not looking good on the agriculture front at the Copenhagen climate talks. According to a representative from the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, a group dedicated to sustainable agriculture and trade policy, American negotiators are being , um, less than productive:

Long, long meeting this afternoon (Dec. 10) on sectoral language for agriculture. First of all, there is confusion as to what the text will end up being -- part of a comprehensive Copenhagen agreement? A separate COP decision? Something else still? Everything seems pretty much up in the air on this topic as different countries hold very different views on this matter.

And then there is the U.S. position. Arguing that the language on agriculture needs to be short and very specific, and that it should avoid any mention of food security, or of linkages between mitigation and adaptation. Hard to believe. How does the U.S. government expect this to be acceptable to developing countries where agriculture is a source of livelihoods for large shares of their populations? And, more broadly, to all stakeholders involved in discussions about agriculture, food and climate change? It has become widely accepted that Copenhagen needs to open a space to deal with agriculture and food security concerns associated with climate change -- the U.S. cannot be serious!

We are Very Serious. Unfortunately, we are also very misguided.

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Americans need to 'raise their game' on climate change

Everyone should read this Matt Ygelsias post on the need for all of us to "step up our game" morally speaking as regards the climate. The climate change "debate" is a true gut check moment. And right now, we're failing:

CNN was running a climate change story yesterday with the chyron "Global Warming: Fact or Fiction." It's clearly not the case that that happened because no one at CNN is unaware that framing the story that way is nonsense. They just chose to let it happen. John McCain used to recognize the urgency of the climate threat and then, thanks to pique or something, he decided to become an opportunistic pollution-defender. Bob Corker recognizes the need to curb carbon emissions but insists that he’ll support a bill if and only if it meets his exact politically unrealistic expectations. And millions of Americans supported the ACES bill in the House but didn’t bother themselves to call their congressman about it, helping to create a situation in which phone traffic tilted heavily against the bill and progressives on the Hill now feel defensive.

All this -- and more -- is carried out by free moral agents on a daily basis. And this is simply not an issue you can solve without people raising their game, morally speaking. That means politicians, and activists, and ordinary citizens and business elites and media figures and all the rest. We've developed a public culture in the United States in which it's regarded as grossly naive to suggest that a Senator or an executive ought to do the right thing simply because it's the right thing. But if you think of any major problem this country has ever solved -- the Civil War, women's suffrage, defeating Nazism, Civil Rights -- it's always required not just smart tactics, but moral behavior, people willing to cast risky votes, people willing to risk physical harm in combat or non-violent resistance. It's been the same all around the world throughout history. If people don’t want to do the right thing, the right thing doesn't get done. On climate, in particular, a huge swathe of the American elite has simply refused to acknowledge any sort of duty or obligation.

Addressing climate change -- not Iraq, not Afghanistan, not health care reform, not even torture -- is the true moral challenge of this generation. And at the moment, the other side is succeeding in dismissing the entire enterprise as The Greatest Hoax of All Time. Societies do fail "to do the right thing" when faced with great moral decision -- and it never ends well. Indeed, we're threatening to follow in some pretty awful footsteps. What do we have to do to get this whole negotiation to "Yes"?

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December 4, 2009

Is "ClimateGate" Only the Beginning?
Over at Grist, I riffed on Ezra Klein's point about our government's "overwhelming bias toward inaction." But while Congress embodies inertia, corporations and their agents are full of kinetic energy when it comes to stopping reform. Their latest reform-killing initiative: Covert operations! First came the much-reported (and overblown) "ClimateGate" theft of climate scientists' emails in East Anglia. And now, via the Wonk Room, comes this:

It has now been reported that the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Center is not the only victim of such a criminal invasion: burglars and hackers have also attacked the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis at the University of Victoria in British Columbia:

Andrew Weaver, a University of Victoria scientist and key contributor to the Nobel prize-winning work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, says there have been a number of attempted breaches in recent months, including two successful break-ins at his campus office in which a dead computer was stolen and papers were rummaged through.

These attacks go beyond simple burglary. University of Victoria spokeswoman Patty Pitts told the National Post "there have also been attempts to hack into climate scientists' computers, as well as incidents in which people impersonated network technicians to try to gain access to campus offices and data."

Things are getting scary out there. The other side plays by different rules, or rather, by no rules at all. You have been warned.

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November 3, 2009

Tomorrow's Climate Change... Today!

The NPR radio show Marketplace has a nice new feature on its website showing the extent of climate change since the 1960s and 70s. It's worth visiting -- there are fancy graphics and audio clips and everything. But it offers a nice regional breakdown of climate change just over the last 30 or so years:
Northeast
  • Average daily temperature 2 degrees higher, with more days above 90 degrees. Winter temperatures 4 degrees higher.
  • Longer growing season.
  • Increased periods of heavy precipitation -- in winter less as snow, more as rain.
  • Earlier breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers.
  • Earlier spring snowmelt and breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers, resulting in earlier peak river flows.
  • Rising sea level and sea surface temperatures.
Southeast
  • Average daily temperature about 2 degrees higher with the greatest increase in winter.
  • Days below freezing (32 degrees) reduced to four to seven per year.
  • Average fall precipitation 30% higher since 1901, with the exception of South Florida.
  • Moderate to severe droughts in spring and summer have increased 12% and 14%, respectively.
  • Destructive potential of hurricanes has increased since 1970, due to an increase in sea surface temperature.
Midwest
  • Increased average temperatures in recent decades, especially in winter.
  • Frost-free season has become longer by more than a week
  • Heavy downpours are twice as frequent as a century ago.
  • Summer and winter precipitation has been above average in the last three decades, compared to 1960s and '70s.
  • Two record-breaking floods within the past 15 years.
  • More frequent heat waves.
Great Plains
  • Average daily temperatures have increased roughly 1.5 degrees since the 1960s and '70s.
  • Cold days are less frequent, hot days more frequent.
  • Precipitation has increased over most of the area, especially in the north.
Northwest
  • Average daily temperatures have risen 1.5 to 4 degrees in the last century.
  • Spring snowpack is projected to be down as much as 60% in some mountain areas, 25% less in the Cascades.
  • Pine Beetle outbreak affecting region's timber.
  • Wild salmon populations are down 56% in their usual coastal waters, and more than 90% in the Columbia River system, due to lower streamflows from reduced snowpack.
Southwest
  • Average daily temperatures are 1.5 degrees hotter than in the 1960s and '70s.
  • Declining spring snowpack and Colorado River flows.
  • Beginning of water "trade-offs" pitting urban, agriculture and habitat needs against one another.
Again, most of those changes are only since the 60s and 70s -- we're just getting started. Unless, of course, we stop.

Photo by crowt59 used under a CC license

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October 29, 2009

The Market Speaks But Collin Peterson Isn't Listening
Speaking of techno-fixes, I wonder how things are going on the next-generation, cellulosic ethanol front. According to the Des Moines Register, not well:

The Obama administration has issued just two conditional commitments for such guarantees, one for $80 million and another for $25 million.

"Very few credit providers even with loan guarantees are willing to take much risk at all," Dallas Tonsager, the Agriculture Department's under secretary for rural development, told the House Agriculture Committee.

Plants that would make fuel from crop residue and other sources of plant cellulose will cost far more to build than conventional corn ethanol plants. The capital costs on a traditional ethanol plant run about $2 to $2.50 per gallon of production capacity, while cellulosic facilities will cost "several multiples of that. You're taking larger risk on larger projects," said Tonsager.

The chairman of the committee, Rep. Collin Peterson, D-Minn., said that criticism of corn ethanol and its impact on food supplies and greenhouse gas emissions is discouraging investment in next-generation fuels.

"It's no damn wonder that nobody's investing," Peterson said. "I wouldn't put money in with all this that's going on."

Wait, what? Cellulosic ethanol is so lame that even Collin Peterson wouldn't invest in it? Oh, the irony! Actually, I think he was really just cursing those meddling kids for ruining a good time.

Looks, here's how it works, Collin, my boy. Capital flows along the path of quickest profits for the lowest risk. Having stuck with a ten year time horizon for bringing cellulosic ethanol to market -- for the last twenty years, mind you -- the industry has done a pretty good job of scaring away potential investors. It might be different if anyone had actually managed to produce cellulosic ethanol on any scale. But, no. Nothing yet. Check back in five years!

I wonder if now would be the time to point out that hitching farmers' wagons to ethanol may have worked for a while but really wasn't such a good idea for the long term. In the event that ethanol really starts to founder (not that I'm holding my breath, of course), we can turn our attention to helping farmers truly adapt to climate change and even, dare I say it, reforming ag subsidies?

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October 26, 2009

Global Warming Passes Blind Taste Test
Via Earth to Philly, I learned that global warming took the Pepsi Challenge a "blind taste test." And it passed!
In a blind test, the AP gave temperature data to four independent statisticians and asked them to look for trends, without telling them what the numbers represented. The experts found no true temperature declines over time.

...The AP sent expert statisticians NOAA's year-to-year ground temperature changes over 130 years and the 30 years of satellite-measured temperatures preferred by skeptics and gathered by scientists at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.

Statisticians who analyzed the data found a distinct decades-long upward trend in the numbers, but could not find a significant drop in the past 10 years in either data set. The ups and downs during the last decade repeat random variability in data as far back as 1880.

Saying there's a downward trend since 1998 is not scientifically legitimate, said David Peterson, a retired Duke University statistics professor and one of those analyzing the numbers.

...[One of the statisticians] produced three charts to show how choosing a starting date can alter perceptions. Using the skeptics' satellite data beginning in 1998, there is a "mild downward trend," he said. But doing that is "deceptive."

The trend disappears if the analysis starts in 1997. And it trends upward if you begin in 1999, he said.

Note that the current "cooling trend" is entirely consistent with normal variation. In other words, the weather can be unpredictable in the short term, but the climate is showing a clear warming trend.

Fudging the numbers -- a favorite past-time deniers of all stripes... Still, it's always nice to see reality pass a reality-check.

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October 20, 2009

Global Cooling Got You Down? I Have Just the Charts For You

Climate denialism is once again making headlines with the release of a followup book by Freakonomics authors Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner. They even inscribe "Global Cooling" into the sequel's subtitle. No beating around the bush for those two wacky contrarians.

The global cooling myth has unfortunately gotten new energy from the weather over the past couple of years -- it's been so cool, global warming must be a hoax! But I have two charts from Skeptical Science (an anti-denier site) that put things into perspective. The first is similar to a chart on long-term temperature trends that's often used to dispel the cooling myth. But this one uses moving averages (just like stock market and unemployment charts) which are useful for smoothing out short-term variations. It's mostly government data and pretty hard to ignore.

Globally-averaged annual mean temperature anomalies in degrees Celsius, together with 11-year unweighted moving averages (solid lines). Blue circles from the Hadley Centre (British). Red diamonds from NASA GISS. Green squares from NOAA NCDC. NASA GISS and NOAA NCDC are offset in vertical direction by increments of 0.5°C for visual clarity.

Think about it this way: if that was a stock chart and you bought in 1910 and sold in 2008, you'd be rich! When the market shows us trends like that we cheer (or freak out if it's unemployment). Yet because it's temperatures, we're supposed to ignore all the increase as so much random "noise."

But for me, the companion chart is far more compelling. It turns out that land and atmospheric warming is only one itty bitty part of global warming -- which explains why it's so easy to miss the big picture. The ocean sucks up the vast majority of the heat that all our carbon is trapping -- and it's a lot of heat. The following chart demonstrates this phenomenon in spades. And note that this is purely observational data -- it's simply looking at heat levels in the ocean over the last 50 years and does not involve climate models or carbon levels.

Total Earth Heat Content from 1950 (Murphy 2009). Ocean data taken from Domingues et al 2008. Land + Atmosphere includes the heat absorbed to melt ice.

As Skeptical Science put it:
[R]elatively small exchanges of heat between the atmosphere and ocean can cause significant changes in surface temperature... This internal variation where heat is shuffled around our climate is the reason why surface temperature is such a noisy signal.
And keep in mind the fact that if the ocean starts pumping out its heat at a higher rate (as it does during El Nino years), watch out. Things will heat up in a hurry.

Photo by milan.boers used under a CC license

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October 14, 2009

Zero by 2050

There is much speculation as to why GOP Sen. Lindsay Graham has come out in full-throated support of the Senate climate change bill. Perhaps it's simply that he had what the Nation's Mark Herstgaard called (in a post for Grist, mind you) his "Oh, shit" moment. You know the one:
an instant when the full scientific implications become clear and [you] suddenly realize what a horrifically dangerous situation humanity has created for itself.
I had mine last year sometime from reading too much Joe Romm late at night. But a new report from climate scientists should do it for just about everyone else. Forget everything you think you know about addressing climate change. It's accelerating faster than anyone predicted and the changes are of greater intensity and variety.

According to Germany's chief climate scientist Hans Joachim Schellnhuber and his advisory council known as the WGBU, if we want to keep warming down to levels that can support human life, the US and must go carbon free by 2020, other industrialized nations must follow five to ten years later and China by 2035. By 2050 the world's net emissions must be zero.

Can I hear an "Oh, shit!"

The "good" news is that Schellnhuber endorsed some amount of emissions trading between the developed and developing world, so that the deadlines are somewhat fuzzy. But the hard line in the sand has been drawn. Zero by 2050.

And even that is just to give us favorable odds of success. As Hertzgaard says:
In fact, even the "brutal" timeline of the WBGU study, Schellnhuber cautioned, would not guarantee staying within the 2 C target. It would merely give humanity a two out of three chance of doing so--"worse odds than Russian roulette," he wryly noted. "But it is the best we can do." To have a three out of four chance, countries would have to quit carbon even sooner. Likewise, we could wait another decade or so to halt all greenhouse emissions, but this lowers the odds of hitting the 2 C target to fifty-fifty. "What kind of precautionary principle is that?" Schellnhuber asked.
I don't imagine we Americans are really up to the task. The spirit may be willing, yet the body politic is weak. But, hey, we do love to gamble, don't we? It's sort of the national past-time. And this time we're playing for the only marble that matters...

Photo by Broken Haiku used under a CC license

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October 2, 2009

Let Them Use A/C!

The US Chamber of Commerce, clearly attempting to prove there's no such thing as too big or too stupid, has most definitely jumped the shark. Major corporations like Nike, PG&E and Exelon (the last two are energy companies!) have already made their displeasure known over the Chamber's strategy of climate denial and opposition to any attempts to address climate change. Now, thanks to Kate Sheppard, who uncovered a recent filing by the Chamber to the EPA, we learn that, in fact, the Chamber has a plan to address global warming:
Humans have become less susceptible to the effects of heat due to a combination of adaptations, particularly air conditioning. The availability of air conditioning is expected to continue to increase.
How positively Marie Antoinettean of them! Global temperatures rising? No problemo -- just crank up the A/C. And why exactly is everyone so worried about it anyway? Everyone knows that:
[T]he scientific evidence is clear that cold is a more potent hazard than heat.
The number one reason the Chamber thinks we don't need to worry about global warming?
It's a dry heat.*
Sheesh. What innovations in inanity will the captains of American industry think up next?

*Yeah, I made that up. But you know they're thinking it.

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September 28, 2009

Big Ag on Climate Change: "What, me worry?"

Once again, topics covered at length in the pixels of Grist are slowly percolating out into the wider media world. Newsweek over the weekend posted an article by Jeneen Interlandi about the grave effects of climate change on agriculture, summed up as the triple threat of "droughts, bugs and big storms." And once again, we learn the future is now:

Farmers on both coasts are already starting to reap some of what the nation's fossil-fuel addiction has sown. Crops in those regions (cranberries in the East and almonds in the West) require a certain number of colder days, or "winter chill" before they break dormancy and begin flowering. Too few cold days disrupts the plants' flowering schedule which in turn affects pollination and hurts yield. A UC Davis study found that winter chill has already declined by 30 percent in California's Central Valley, and almond growers report that yields are down 20 percent from last year. Shorter winters have had a similar effect on cranberry yields in Massachusetts and New Jersey.

As usual, we see the initial effects of a largescale phenomenon on the margins. As Nathanaiel Green of the NRDC puts it, "it hasn't really hit the breadbasket yet," which is why Big Ag, focused as it is on grains and commodity crops grown in the Midwest and South, can so easily dismiss it.

READ THE REST OF THIS POST ON GRIST

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September 9, 2009

Nightmare Scenarios

You know, I keep trying to stay away from this stuff, but I can't. Turns out there's a whole new wrinkle on climate change. Once the glaciers melt and all that weight pressing down on the earth's crust lifts, seriously bad things start to happen (via the Guardian):

Scientists are to outline dramatic evidence that global warming threatens the planet in a new and unexpected way -- by triggering earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches and volcanic eruptions.

Reports by international groups of researchers -- to be presented at a London conference next week -- will show that climate change, caused by rising outputs of carbon dioxide from vehicles, factories and power stations, will not only affect the atmosphere and the sea but will alter the geology of the Earth.

Melting glaciers will set off avalanches, floods and mud flows in the Alps and other mountain ranges; torrential rainfall in the UK is likely to cause widespread erosion; while disappearing Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets threaten to let loose underwater landslides, triggering tsunamis that could even strike the seas around Britain.

At the same time the disappearance of ice caps will change the pressures acting on the Earth's crust and set off volcanic eruptions across the globe.

Yikes! One would hope this all is far enough off that none of it is baked into the climate (as certain amounts of warming and sea level rise already are). But it certainly means that we need to get our act together ASAP. It also means that we may need to pay a bit more attention to geo-engineering schemes. Not the wacky ones, like giant space shades, of course. But did I mention that someone has invented a magic carbon eating machine, and it's considered one of the best geo-engineering options by UK engineers?

Top of their list of practical solutions that would be low-carbon to build and require only existing technologies were artificial trees. These units, invented by Columbia University scientist Klaus Lackner, would be the size of a standard shipping container and could remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere. "100,000 trees would take up an area of around 600 hectares, which is less than 10% of the surface area of the Firth of Forth, and that would be able to absorb the CO2 emissions of the UK's non-power sector annually," said Fox.

Currently the UK produces 556 megatonnes of CO2 per year and the 100,000 trees could absorb around 60% of that amount. The engineers calculated that forests of artificial trees powered by renewable energy and located near depleted oil or gas fields, where the trapped CO2 could be buried, would be thousands of times more efficient than planting trees over the same area.

Making each artificial tree would require energy and materials but this would only account for 5% of the CO2 that the device could capture in its lifetime. On a global scale, between 5-10m artificial trees could absorb the CO2 emitted from all sources other than power stations.

We can't geo-engineer as a replacement for emissions reductions, but if it's tsunamis, volcanoes, landslides and earthquakes, I think we better expect to do a whole lot of both and soon. The good news: Congress is on the case! Oh, wait. No, they're not.

Photo credit: National Parks Service

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July 8, 2009

Screw the Climate!
Does this sound like someone who thinks climate change is a big deal?
"I just generally don't like many things about the House bill.... But I'm open to discuss how we can move forward to make our energy grid greener. How we can move to the next generation of energy supply, and most importantly how to get American energy secure. That goal cannot be done without increasing traditional oil and gas production."
--Sen. Mary Landrieu (D-LA) on the Waxman-Markey climate bill

Ah, the US Senate. Full of deep thinkers...

Via the Wonkline

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July 7, 2009

Henry Waxman: Destroyer of Industry

Here's Henry Waxman, as interviewed by Ezra Klein, on the effect on indusry of two of the reforms he spearheaded:

It was a big battle to get food producers to put uniform labels advising people about calories and sodium and carbohydrates and other nutrients on food. But I think most people take it for granted that they can see those labels when they go into the store and use them to make their decisions. But the food producers said they were going to go bankrupt if they had to put these labels on, it would be such a burden, it would be excessive. Finally we got it passed. And I don't think most people give it a second thought today. It's just there.

...I also talk about the Clean Air Act, which is the most successful environmental law on the books today. There was a huge fight over a one--year period to get that legislation enacted. But now people in the Northeastern parts of the United States that were seeing acid rain don't have that problem any more. And the cost turned out to be a tenth what they said it would be even though different industries argued that our economy would go to hell. Invariably they met their requirements, met them ahead of time, and met them at a fraction of the predicted costs. So we've had very successful laws. But very few people talk about government in those terms.

Listening to these industries' complaints would be enough to make you think that Henry Waxman was the greatest enemy to private enterprise since Lenin. Only he wasn't. Because his reforms either had no effect on corporate bottom lines or, in the case of the CAA, probably led to even greater innovation. That's worth keeping in mind during debates over food system reform and climate change legislation. At worst reforms won't hurt them and at best reforms will help them. So, why don't these companies just back off a little.

On a related note, the NYT reports that new government regulations on lightbulb efficiency has -- despite industry complaints that it would cause the demise of the much-loved but inefficient incandescent bulb -- touched off a torrent of innovation. It may be that an incandescent bulb that is 100% more efficient than current bulbs isn't too far away. Not that regulation can spark innovation, of course. Any "very serious" person will tell you that only markets can cause innovation. But, you know, those capitalists really aren't very good listeners. Just ask Henry Waxman.

Photo courtesy the Washington Post

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June 23, 2009

Collin Peterson is Not Killing the Planet

Not yet, anyway. I agree with Tom Philpott that Peterson's meddling in the Waxman/Markey climate bill is far more than a distraction. Weakening the bill out of spite is pretty much the extreme opposite of statesmanship. And I decried Peterson's clearly implied climate denial just the other day. But I'm a bit leery of going quite as far as Philpott did today:

In short, if Peterson wins this battle, our nation's first significant climate legislation will likely end up at worst rewarding, and at best not penalizing, chemical-intensive, greenhouse-gas-spewing agriculture. We will have bungled a major opportunity for positive change.

President Obama has yet to intervene in this battle. Now's the time. Given that he's a farm-state politician himself, am I being naive to hope that he comes down against the agribusiness interests intent on hijacking this bill?

I'm reading about similar pleas regarding the health care bill; pleas which lose sight of the fact that the road for ambitious legislation is ever a long and bumpy one. While Collin Peterson can force exemptions for the agricultural sector in Waxman/Markey and he can threaten to withhold his committee votes -- I seriously doubt that he can truly kill the bill. Yes, he's going to see some of his demands met -- Kate Sheppard is reporting that Peterson's demand for permits to be given away to rural utilities has already been approved. And as for Peterson's hissy fit over the EPA's ethanol/indirect land use ruling, I'd be willing to bet that he'll get some face-saving provision that will allow him to declare victory and go home.

I say all this not because I think Henry Waxman will throw up his hands and allow the bill to be weakened beyond all use. I say this because Henry Waxman understands that the House vote on the bill is only one small step in the process. The Senate doesn't just "receive" the House bill and vote on it. They're working on their own version. And we can thank our lucky stars that Peterson doesn't get to put on a different suit and show up for work as Sen. Collin Peterson. Certainly, the Senate has perhaps even more obstacles to passage than the House (oh, that filibuster!). But it also has a more enlightened Chairman of its Agriculture Committee -- Sen. Tom Harkin.

Harkin will certainly have a say in the Senate's climate bill and his comments on the fracas in the House are tellingly moderate (via the Hill):
Sen. Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) said he has followed that debate and agrees with House Agriculture Committee Chairman Collin Peterson (D-Minn.) that the legislative language in that bill needs to be more equitable, considering the interests of large urban areas and more rural states. But he acknowledged those places have competing interests.
While he hasn't had to take a stand yet, Harkin doesn't exactly sound like the kind of guy who is ready to drive his tractor over the climate.

The point is that the Senate bill is likely to look quite different from the House bill -- there's no guarantee that any of Peterson's adulterations will be replicated there. And assuming it gets past a Senate filibuster, it then goes into conference commitee where all those differences have to be ironed out. A lot can happen in conference. Bills can indeed be completely transformed. It's often when "the grownups" get together to clean up the mess left by all the little children (if the House and Senate leadership are smart about the conferrees, that is). And Collin Peterson, though he might volunteer for duty, doesn't get an automatic seat at the table. It's up to House Speak Nancy Pelosi to decide. And I don't think she's feeling particularly charitable to ol' Collin these days.

Once the bill moves out of conference, the House and Senate will have to vote AGAIN on the bill. It's that vote -- which is likely months away -- when the rubber meets the road. And it's in the run up to that vote when you'll probably see Obama go into full barnstorming sales mode -- and when, I imagine, many a blustering farm-state representative will indeed quail. We've been promised by White House Environmental Quality Chair Nancy Sutley that Obama is going to push for passage. But we're a long way from that moment. The bill will have several near-death experiences before then (although the possibility of the bill's actual death in the Senate is ever-present).

Ezra Klein wrote today about the timing of Obama's public (and private) push on the health care bill. He said the President should stay out of it, despite recent, early declarations that health care reform was dead. You don't need to change much in Klein's analysis -- which invokes the Clinton health care crash-and-burn of 1994 -- to apply it to the climate bill:

In 1994, President Bill Clinton exhausted his political capital guiding the development of the legislation. Barack Obama, by contrast, has saved his to push for its passage... [T]here's no reason to rush that moment. For now, the White House should have as little to do as possible with the various legislative products. Let the committees absorb the blows of the bad weeks. Let the early coalitions present themselves. Let the Republicans show their strategy in the mark-up sessions. Let the CBO score all the different options. Let the legislature familiarize itself with different revenue options. Wait. Wait and wait and wait. Wait until Congress has pushed this as far upfield as it's able.

Then open up the White House. Then have Obama on TV. Then have Rahm on the phone with legislators. Then take Olympia Snowe for a ride on Marine One. The White House can exert explosive force on a piece of legislation, but it can only do so effectively for a short period of time. That was the mistake Clinton White House made in 1994. By the time their legislation was near reality, administration officials were so deeply involved that they couldn't add external momentum. It is not a mistake that Rahm Emmanuel, who watched it all happen firsthand, means to repeat.

And as a further corollary to those insights, Klein also predicts a "weak" bill will ultimately be passed which, despite meaningful provisions, will still disappoint progressives. And the same will likely apply to the climate bill. Indeed, what if the bill comes through as weak tea? Well, as I argued the other day, there's nothing wrong with that! If the bill establishes a basic legal framework for dealing with climate change, it's a win and must be passed. As an example, I give you the Clean Air Act. Though landmark legislation, it was relatively weak when it was originally enacted in 1970 -- it exempted major contributors to pollution like smog and acid rain. Granted, we don't have the 20 years it took Rep. Henry Waxman to fix that law. But legislation often improves by accretion. Enviros need to keep that in mind when "deciding" whether or not to bail on Waxman/Markey. The fact is that the climate bill isn't dead and Collin Peterson didn't murder it.

Photo courtesy Grist.org

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June 18, 2009

Fundamentally Unserious
While Tom Philpott at Grist has been following the cage match between the House Ag Committee and its chairman Rep Collin Peterson, and Rep. Henry Waxman, author of the Waxman/Markey climate bill currently before Congress, the latest doings seem to have broken through to the broader blogosphere. Maybe it's because the prospect that a handful of farm state representatives might really be able to kill our chance to address climate change. Or maybe it was because Peterson declared today that global warming is, all things considered, fine by him. After all, as he told the WSJ, all that warm weather will let farmers grow a whole lot more corn! He's not exactly sounding like a guy about to cut a deal.

Brad Plumer at TNR's the Vine detailed some of the Ag Committee's demands (which Natasha Chart has referred to as simple bribery). All of which is useful analysis. But what this is really about is that a good chunk of congressmen and women are fundamentally unserious about addressing climate change.

And why shouldn't they be? A good chunk of the media, of Americans, of everybody really (perhaps excepting Pacific Islanders) is fundamentally unserious about it. The Obama adminstration released a horrifying new climate change report yesterday and it had the impact on the newscycle of a wet noodle. Obama's science team all but announced the world as we know it was scheduled to end by 2090. Shrug. The tree fell. Nobody heard it. Moving on.

This is the part where some might be tempted to use the boiled frog metaphor. Sadly, it's patently false. Apparently, frogs are smarter than we are. Unlike us, they will act when presented with a slowly warming environment. The term I'm supposed to use (or so Wikipedia tells me) is "creeping normalcy" which:
refers to the way a major change can be accepted as normality if it happens slowly, in unnoticed increments, when it would be regarded as objectionable if it took place in a single step or short period.
Yeah, that's Collin Peterson all over. He doesn't really think farmers will grow more corn -- he's just tweaking enviros' noses with that comment. Collin Peterson simply doesn't believe in global warming -- or doesn't notice it anyway, which ends up being the same thing. Nor does anyone who calls Waxman/Markey an overblown "energy tax" or complains about how it's going to hurt coal-using regions. Let's face it, if you look at climate change legislation as just another regulatory reform then the big picture implications simply aren't scaring you.

Here's a counter example: If NASA announced that the planet-killer asteroid was on its way and we had less than 5 years to do something before it hit, I guarantee you that our response would be pretty energetic (with or without Bruce Willis in charge). But climate change isn't like that -- and it's certainly not like that in the developed West, so we feel free to treat Waxman/Markey the way we treat health care reform. There will be winners and losers and the trick will be how to make sure you're in the right spot under the money tree when Congress starts shaking it.

But I'm not despairing. Not yet. While cap-and-trade doesn't need to pass this year, if we can get it passed in any form, frankly, before Obama leaves office, we'll have the framework we need to start reducing carbon emissions. It can be sucky and remain a solid basis for reform. If we have a cap, we can make it lower. If we need to pay people to shut up and stop mining coal, we can. Let Collin and friends screw around with it a bit more. It's worth remembering that the "nuclear option" of the EPA's unilaterally capping carbon emissions is still on the table. Collin may not be thinking about that, but I guarantee you that Obama and Waxman are.

And as for that Henry Waxman -- the legislative architect of the climate bill, he is, as the Washington Monthly put it in their recent cover story on him, "the right man for the job." This is the guy whose opening acts involved taking down the tobacco companies, single-handedly stopping Ronald Reagan from gutting the Clean Air Act and then managing to expand the act to address smog and acid rain (read the WM piece for more details). As the article summarizes it:
If we are lucky--and it's a frighteningly large "if"--Waxman's fight on climate change is nearing its endgame, requiring not a decade of low-boil persistence but, rather, a couple of years of tenacious negotiating. Passing his energy bill into law will be harder than getting pollution legislation on the books twenty years ago, but it will also be similar--and a chance for Waxman to prove that, even after fifteen years in the wilderness, he still knows not only how to make a deal, but how to make the right one. "Waxman is a very skilled legislator," a former Dingell committee staffer says. "Ultimately, I don't think he would sacrifice his fundamental principles just for the sake of getting a bill. I think he would prefer no bill to a bad bill."
So if Waxman hasn't given up yet -- and he hasn't -- then neither have I. And note that we may be in for "a couple of years of tenacious negotiating." It will be excruciating but, with Congress and corporate America full of Collin Petersons -- not skeptics exactly, but certainly nonchalant about the whole climate change thing, it will be necessary. Creeping normalcy may yet do us in. The term pretty much defines the Senate, especially the creep part. But given that we don't seem inclined to put the frogs in charge, we better figure out soon when to jump.

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June 11, 2009

Big Ag Goes Green

Sadly, the green I'm referring to is the color of money. As Tom Philpott reports, Big Ag is trying to get an agricultural technique known as "chemical no-till" established as a legitimate carbon offset in the Waxman/Markey legislation. There's only one problem, all the research out there says that chemical no-till doesn't actually sequester carbon:
In no-till systems, farmers plant directly into fields without plowing. One of the main reasons farmers plow is to control weeds. In a practice that has become known among critics as "chemical no-till," farmers idle the the plow and rely on chemical herbicides for weed control.

...As a source of carbon sequestration, chemical no-till is a highly questionable practice. In a 2006 peer-reviewed paper [PDF] called "Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—what do we really know?," a group of soil scientists led by John M. Baker of the USDA's Agricultural Research Service took a hard look at conventional no-till. They report: "Long-term, continuous gas exchange measurements have also been unable to detect C gain due to reduced tillage." Translation: No-till doesn't seem to sequester carbon. Their conclusion: "Though there are other good reasons to use conservation tillage, evidence that it promotes C sequestration is not compelling." The report compelled climate expert and frequent Grist contributor Joe Romm to declare that no-till farming "does not save carbon and is not a carbon offset."
So the USDA itself thinks the practice's emissions impact is bogus. In fact, there's even evidence that chemical no-till leads to increased carbon emissions through nitrous oxide outgassing from the synthetically fertilized fields. And who's taking the lead in all this? Why our good friends at Monsanto, of course!
Monsanto's "Roundup Ready" seeds--genetically modified to withstand lashings of Monsanto's herbicide glyphosate--have greatly facilitated chemical no-till in the Midwest: farmers can spray their fields with Roundup as needed, without affecting the crops. According to the Center for Food Safety [PDF], glyphosate use jumped 15-fold between between 1994 (when GMOs were first released) and 2005, generating a windfall in Roundup sales for Monsanto. Monsanto now clears more than $1 billion per year in profits from Roundup alone.
Monsanto has even created a new carbon-trading entity to take advantage of this glyphosate-fueled scheme. These guys don't fool around.

The unfortunate thing is that there is a no-till technique out there whose carbon sequestration benefits have solid science behind it -- the Rodale Institute's "organic no-till" regime, which I wrote about some time ago with regards to saving bees. So, there's hope right?

Nope. Because this is Congress we're talking about. To paraphrase Frank Herbert (and apologies to all you Dune fans out there), "He who controls the committee, controls the universe." And, the man you love to hate -- House Ag Committee Chair Rep. Collin Peterson, is in charge of ag offsets hearings. Guess how many sustainable ag experts or farmers are testifying? Would you believe "zero"?

This is shades of the recent and under-reported harassment of single-payer advocates during recent health care reform hearings. Not only were they not invited, but when a group of nurses attended hearings wearing t-shirts advocating their single-payer positions, they were arrested and thrown in jail. No, I'm not making this up.

If Congress doesn't hear the facts that apparently means they don't exist. So much for the return of science to Washington, DC. When the truth hurts, it's best to ignore it. And barring that, arrest it.

UPDATE: Meredith Niles of the Center for Food Safety has a great summary in Grist reviewing the science of chemical vs. organic no-till techniques.

Photo by Tracy O used under a CC license

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May 29, 2009

Laureates Throw Down the Gauntlet

A group of Nobel Laureates wants to tell you something:
World carbon emissions must start to decline in only six years if humanity is to stand a chance of preventing dangerous global warming, a group of 20 Nobel prize-winning scientists, economists and writers declared today.

The United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen in December must agree to halve greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 to stop temperatures from increasing by more than 2C (3.6F), the St James's Palace Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded.
Got that? And mind you, 2C is nothing to sneeze at. We'll still be looking at a significant sea-level rise (and even more for us here on the northeast US coast thanks to Greenland's melting glaciers), the disappearance of many Pacific island nations, persistent drought, disruptions to agriculture worldwide and, if Kofi Annan's new foundation is right, up to 500,000 deaths caused directly by warming every year. And, apparently, we'll count ourselves lucky. Because if we get beyond 2C of warming, we'll face, say the laureates, "unmanageable climate risks." Given that the best case scenario looks pretty bad, I would say this group might be understating things when they use the term "unmanageable." To put this whole thing in perspective, they compare the threat we face now to the Cold War-era threat of nuclear armageddon. Not good.

I have two observations about this. First, someone explain to me how a no vote on the Waxman/Markey climate bill brings us closer to halving worldwide emissions by 2050. It's late enough in the game that the quibbling on all sides has to go out the window and everyone needs to sign on to cutting emissions. It's fair to say that we've reached the point where, if you can't support something as "modest" as Waxman/Markey, then you fundamentally don't believe climate change is an existential threat. Period. Note to journalists: can you get politicians on the record with a reaction to this letter? Do they agree with the St. James statement? An unqualified yes or no, please. Thanks.

And second, I would like to point out the interesting fact that, according to the St. James Symposium website, Energy Secretary Stephen Chu is a signatory of the letter (having attended the symposium). This is good. But if Chu and his boss can't even manage to get a bill as watered down as Waxman/Markey through Congress, all the symposia and statements in the world won't help us.

h/t Climate Progress

Photo by papadont used under a CC license

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May 21, 2009

The House Aghghghghg! Committee
This narrative hasn't really broken through to the MSM yet, but Tom Philpott has picked up on several stories that indicate Rep. Collin Peterson, Chairman of the House Agriculture Committee, is prepared to kill the Waxman-Markey climate change bill if his committee isn't able to perform a full "mark-up" (i.e. make alterations and amendments) to the bill.

Declaring "We've thrown a pitchfork in the sand," Peterson wants "wants a full markup to alter what he and other [ag] committee Democrats think are inadequate provisions on everything from fuel standards to renewable energy definitions to regulations governing the trading of carbon derivatives created through a cap-and-trade system," The Hill reports.

Mind you, it isn't as though Waxman and Markey ever intended for their bill to penalize industrial ag for it GHG emissions; ag has been exempted from penalty since the start of the debate. It's just that Peterson wants to ensure that, for the foreseeable future, any cap-and-trade scheme will reward industrial ag for spectral GHG sequestration, and not penalize it for its all-too-real GHD emissions. And the federal government's massive and wide-ranging support for corn ethanol, treated by the Minnesota rep as if Moses had decreed it as the Eleventh Commandment, must never be questioned, greenhouse gas footprint be damned. Peterson is blatantly and publicly trying to rig the game before it starts.

This is a fairly significant power grab. There is justification, of course. The Ag Committee does have a role in energy policy thanks to the biofuel boondoggle and it does have explicit jurisdiction over commodities markets, under which the new carbon trading system would technically fall. Plus, he's got a nice collection of vulnerable Housemembers on his committee, either because they are freshman or in thrall to Big Ag for campaign cash. We're reaping the whirlwind now for the mess that is the House Agriculture Committee.

To let that bunch loose on Waxman-Markey would be a disaster -- I can't imagine that Energy and Commerce Committee Chair Rep. Henry Waxman, or Speaker Pelosi for that matter, would allow it. One of two things will happen, in my view. Either Pelosi will threaten Peterson and/or his committee-members or she'll count votes and realize she won't need the votes of the 26 Dems who sit on Ag -- though that one's hard to believe, or she'll let Peterson have his way and water down the bill even further, which could give wavering green groups more ammunition to oppose it. This could turn out to be a significant test of Pelosi's strength. And given how unhinged Peterson has sounded of late, this doesn't seem like something that can be defused with a few minor tweaks. Sadly, it was just this sort of interest-group inspired nickel-and-diming that was predicted to doom climate change legislation.

Stay tuned.

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May 1, 2009

And Now For Something Completely Different
No, not Friday cat blogging. I'm a dog person, folks. But I thought I would pause from the Swine Flu coverage to pass on these interesting findings with uncertain implications from a pair of researchers, Patrick Egan and Megan Mullin (via the Monkey Cage) regarding public opinion and climate change. They found:
For each three degrees that local temperature rises above normal, Americans become one percentage point more likely to agree that there is "solid evidence" that the earth is getting warmer.
I can't decide if this makes me feel better or worse about the politics of passing climate change legislation. On the one hand, I'm banking on a hot summer, which the study suggests would cause support for climate change legislation to rise and, if we're lucky, 60 votes would then magically appear in the Senate. On the other hand, I don't know if I like the thought of the prospects for passing Waxman/Markey resting substantially upon the weather.

On the other hand, Americans aren't exactly a scientifically-aware lot (if polls are to be believed) and it should come as no surprise that low-information voters -- which the study claims are the ones whose opinions are swayed in this way -- would base their opinions on the outside temperature. I suppose the main upside is that even low-information voters bring a certain kind of common sense to the debate. The GOP may be able to lie and obfuscate on the policy details and on cap-and-trade's cost to consumers, but it's pretty hard to convince people in a sauna that they're not feeling the heat.

Chart by Egan and Mullin via the Monkey Cage

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April 30, 2009

It's the Burps, Stupid!
I'm sitting here at Princeton's conference "Feeding a Hot and Hungry Planet" which, so far, seems to be surprisingly friendly to biotech and conventional ag "yielding" us out of our troubles. More on that later.

Right now, Henning Steinfeld of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization is speaking on livestock production. He made the point that more than 90% of livestock GHG emissions are from the BURPS not the FARTS. It's a devastating development for bloggers (no more "Cow Fart" headlines) but still good to know. It's this kind of groundbreaking (or is that wind-breaking) reporting we're known for here at Beyond Green.

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April 28, 2009

Sen. Arlen Specter - Democrat!
Former GOP Sen. Arlen Specter, in the face of polls that had him 20 points behind a conservative challenger, is now the newest Democratic member of the US Senate. This is significant for all sorts of reasons, not least of which he would be the 60th (and filibuster-proof) vote. As for us green-minded folk, with climate change legislation subject to filibuster, having Specter a Democrat suddenly makes the possibility of passage more than a pipe dream. While you could certainly argue that Specter won't vote for cap-and-trade even as a Democrat (especially with coal-producing Pennsylvania as his constituency), you can hope he displays the passion of the newly converted, as past party-switchers often have. As Matt Yglesias summed up the question, "Will he vote like a northeastern Democrat, or will he vote like Ben Nelson?" The good news: Pennsylvania is no Nebraska. With Dem Governor Ed Rendell and Dem Sen. Bob Casey breathing down his neck (and with the need to prove his chops to his new Democratic voters) Arlen has every reason to walk the Democratic walk.

[Updated 4:45pm]: Dave Roberts at Grist digs into the climate legislation implications of Specter's jump. Nutshell: He'll still vote against. I think that underplays the windblown nature of Sen. Specter. Right now, it's true that he can't be considered a supporter of something like the House climate legislation. On the other hand, as Dave points out, a need to tack left to fend off a Democratic primary challenge is always a possibility. But his vote will also depend on just how lucrative to the carbon-heavy states the Dems make the climate bill. Predominantly, this is about getting Midwestern Dems on board, but the calculus is the same for PA. If they focus investment and/or tax rebates in a particularly attractive way on coal-dependent states, I don't think it would be beyond Arlen to flip-flop and support cloture (at a minimum).

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April 20, 2009

Vilsack Staffing Up
There have been a number of new USDA hires announced in the last few days -- the undersecretary in charge of nutrition programs and his deputy, as well as the head of the USDA research service. Now comes word that USDA Sec'y Tom Vilsack has named Robert Bonnie of the Environmental Defense Fund as his Senior Advisor for Environment and Climate. Each member of this group of appointments has come with varying amounts of controversy attached and Bonnie will likely be no different.

Bonnie runs EDF's environmental markets programs and was also EDF's point person for US Farm Bill negotiations. It's worth noting that the EDF has been accused by some environmentalists of being overly cozy with its corporate partners -- Joe Romm hit EDF hard over its involvement with a group of large companies and enviro groups who put out a "moderate" cap-and-trade proposal. Meanwhile, the EDF's market-based incentives programs have been singled out as particularly problematic by some. On the other hand, the fact that Vilsack's top environmental advisor comes from one of America's pre-eminent green groups is noteworthy to say the least.

Vilsack along with President Obama have made it clear they are committed to creating a market in so-called ecological services and the announcement of Bonnie's appointment stresses his experience in that area:
Bonnie is a leading national expert on the use of markets as a means to reward stewardship on farms, ranches and forest lands, including carbon crediting and conservation banking for endangered species.
We can expect to see continued, serious movement in that area. Also, Bonnie's direct involvement with the USDA's conservation programs through his work on the 2008 Farm Bill suggests a real commitment at the Obama USDA to what has been a program whose potential for bringing change has far outstripped its funding.

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No One Cares about the Environment

Elizabeth Kolbert is bummed. In an essay in the current issue of the New Yorker, she decries the government's collective shrug when faced with the looming catastrophe of climate change. On the one hand, "[t]o do something meaningful about global warming will require legislation even more far-reaching than the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act" while on the other "there are plenty of reasons to wonder whether serious steps to reduce carbon emissions will be taken this year or, indeed, ever."

Making matters worse, Americans don't quite seem ready to take to the streets over climate change:
Three and a half decades ago, when the nation's key environmental laws were approved, politicians were responding to the mood of the country. Today, the situation is largely reversed. Polls show that voters regard the environment in general, and climate change in particular, as, at best, middling concerns. In a recent survey, the Pew Research Center asked Americans about their priorities for Congress and the new President. "Dealing with global warming" ranked at the bottom of a list of twenty choices, far below "strengthening the nation's economy" and "reducing health-care costs," and even below dealing with unspecified "global trade issues." The recession seems to have dampened the nation's enthusiasm for any measure that could affect -- or, perhaps just as important, be portrayed as affecting -- people's pocketbooks. Last month, when Gallup asked Americans whether "protection of the environment should be given priority, even at the risk of curbing economic growth," only forty-two per cent said yes. This was the lowest proportion in the twenty-five years since the firm started asking the question. Results like these do not make action on climate change any less imperative. But -- especially since opponents can be counted on to spend tens of millions of dollars on lobbying -- they do make it that much less likely.
Climate change is turning out to be too diffuse a threat to mobilize around (for many Americans anyway). On top of that, many of the solutions involve changing the way we live -- never a popular thing to advocate for. During the Cold War, one of the main public (if not outright propagandistic) justifications for our conflict with the Soviet Union was "to protect the American way of life." To fight climate change, that's exactly what we can't do.

Meanwhile, I don't know if a poll question that asks about "dealing with climate change" quite captures the immediacy of the crisis. It also presumes that the poll-taker knows what it means to "deal" with climate change. If questions were posed a bit differently, such as asking, "Should the government take action to prevent catastrophic crop failures" or "act against the threatened destruction of coastal cities" you just might get a more positive response. Of course, you'd also be accused of fear-mongering by the other side (to which I would respond that it takes one to know one).

In the end, it's all a question of how hard President Obama is going to push to pass a climate bill. If he goes all out, both in his salesmanship to the American people as well as to Congress, it's clear that you can't write it off the possibility of success. Almost every speech Obama has given includes references to climate change and how addressing it is fundamental to the future of the country and the economy. He's marking Earth Day in Iowa and will undoubtedly repeat those themes in his speech. My hope is that in his effort to get climate change legislation passed we'll see the same pattern we've been seeing with him all along -- a weak start followed by a strong, and commanding, finish. One thing's for sure, the stakes couldn't be higher. If the public starts to understand that, everything changes.

Photo by Vineus used under a CC license

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