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April 26, 2010

Carbon unCaptured

I've never been a fan of carbon capture and sequestration for coal plants as a solution for addressing climate change. But so called "clean coal" technologies have been an important touchstone in pretty much every climate speech Obama has given -- and the current climate legislation enshrines it as a possible way forward for coal.

Well, now it looks like this particular vision of the future of coal was a mirage (via the Guardian):

A new research paper from American academics is threatening to blow a hole in growing political support for carbon capture and storage as a weapon in the fight against global warming.

The document from Houston University claims that governments wanting to use CCS have overestimated its value and says it would take a reservoir the size of a small US state to hold the CO2 produced by one power station.

Previous modelling has hugely underestimated the space needed to store CO2 because it was based on the "totally erroneous" premise that the pressure feeding the carbon into the rock structures would be constant, argues Michael Economides, professor of chemical engineering at Houston, and his co-author Christene Ehlig-Economides, professor of energy engineering at Texas A&M University

"It is like putting a bicycle pump up against a wall. It would be hard to inject CO2 into a closed system without eventually producing so much pressure that it fractured the rock and allowed the carbon to migrate to other zones and possibly escape to the surface," Economides said.

The paper concludes that CCS "is not a practical means to provide any substantive reduction in CO2 emissions, although it has been repeatedly presented as such by others."

An underground reservoir the size of a US state for a single plant?! Yeah, that's a big ol' oopsie right there. There are about 600 coal plants in operation in the US and there are, at last count, 48 contiguous states. Something about that math doesn't quite add up.

The question now is if anyone in government or industry will admit to the possibility that CCS is a fantasy. My guess is no. Like the ascendant nuclear power trend, CCS is such a convenient fiction, among other things as a way to bribe convince industry to go along with climate legislation it's hard to imagine the administration admitting we've got a naked emperor on our hands.

Photo credit: iagoarchangel

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January 13, 2010

More Power to Renewable Energy!

Now a bit of good news via the Wonk Room:
In 2004, Colorado became the first state to pass a renewable energy standard (RES) by popular vote, a measure requiring large utilities to produce 10 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2015.

Three years later, after it became clear the RES goal of 10 percent was going to be achieved nearly eight years ahead of schedule, the state legislature doubled down with a new 20 percent mandate by 2020.

Now it looks like Xcel Energy, the state’s largest utility, will be able to meet the 20 percent five years ahead of schedule. So Gov. Bill Ritter (D) and legislative leaders are uping the ante once again, making a 30 percent RES by 2020 a priority for the legislative session that begins today.

The point is that these targets often prove much easier to achieve than corporations like to admit. We have a corporate community that by and large provides kneejerk resistance to regulation so it's good to be reminded (again) that their predictions of doom/failure are usually unfounded and frequently just plain wrong.

There is no doubt in my mind that the same will prove true in the case of cap and trade. Industry, as it has countless times in the past, will discover how easy it is to function, even thrive, in a world where carbon comes with a price tag. But Colorado's experience also suggests that, in the event a climate bill fails this year or, as the WSJ speculates, is scrapped, Congress should indeed go ahead and enact an ambitious renewable energy standard -- something even cap-and-trade hating folks like Sen. Blanche Lincoln and American Farm Bureau President Bob Stallman are on record supporting. In the end, success with renewables might make coming back and enacting cap-and-trade that much easier.

Flickr photo: LordFerguson

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October 20, 2009

Global Cooling Got You Down? I Have Just the Charts For You

Climate denialism is once again making headlines with the release of a followup book by Freakonomics authors Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner. They even inscribe "Global Cooling" into the sequel's subtitle. No beating around the bush for those two wacky contrarians.

The global cooling myth has unfortunately gotten new energy from the weather over the past couple of years -- it's been so cool, global warming must be a hoax! But I have two charts from Skeptical Science (an anti-denier site) that put things into perspective. The first is similar to a chart on long-term temperature trends that's often used to dispel the cooling myth. But this one uses moving averages (just like stock market and unemployment charts) which are useful for smoothing out short-term variations. It's mostly government data and pretty hard to ignore.

Globally-averaged annual mean temperature anomalies in degrees Celsius, together with 11-year unweighted moving averages (solid lines). Blue circles from the Hadley Centre (British). Red diamonds from NASA GISS. Green squares from NOAA NCDC. NASA GISS and NOAA NCDC are offset in vertical direction by increments of 0.5°C for visual clarity.

Think about it this way: if that was a stock chart and you bought in 1910 and sold in 2008, you'd be rich! When the market shows us trends like that we cheer (or freak out if it's unemployment). Yet because it's temperatures, we're supposed to ignore all the increase as so much random "noise."

But for me, the companion chart is far more compelling. It turns out that land and atmospheric warming is only one itty bitty part of global warming -- which explains why it's so easy to miss the big picture. The ocean sucks up the vast majority of the heat that all our carbon is trapping -- and it's a lot of heat. The following chart demonstrates this phenomenon in spades. And note that this is purely observational data -- it's simply looking at heat levels in the ocean over the last 50 years and does not involve climate models or carbon levels.

Total Earth Heat Content from 1950 (Murphy 2009). Ocean data taken from Domingues et al 2008. Land + Atmosphere includes the heat absorbed to melt ice.

As Skeptical Science put it:
[R]elatively small exchanges of heat between the atmosphere and ocean can cause significant changes in surface temperature... This internal variation where heat is shuffled around our climate is the reason why surface temperature is such a noisy signal.
And keep in mind the fact that if the ocean starts pumping out its heat at a higher rate (as it does during El Nino years), watch out. Things will heat up in a hurry.

Photo by milan.boers used under a CC license

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October 14, 2009

Zero by 2050

There is much speculation as to why GOP Sen. Lindsay Graham has come out in full-throated support of the Senate climate change bill. Perhaps it's simply that he had what the Nation's Mark Herstgaard called (in a post for Grist, mind you) his "Oh, shit" moment. You know the one:
an instant when the full scientific implications become clear and [you] suddenly realize what a horrifically dangerous situation humanity has created for itself.
I had mine last year sometime from reading too much Joe Romm late at night. But a new report from climate scientists should do it for just about everyone else. Forget everything you think you know about addressing climate change. It's accelerating faster than anyone predicted and the changes are of greater intensity and variety.

According to Germany's chief climate scientist Hans Joachim Schellnhuber and his advisory council known as the WGBU, if we want to keep warming down to levels that can support human life, the US and must go carbon free by 2020, other industrialized nations must follow five to ten years later and China by 2035. By 2050 the world's net emissions must be zero.

Can I hear an "Oh, shit!"

The "good" news is that Schellnhuber endorsed some amount of emissions trading between the developed and developing world, so that the deadlines are somewhat fuzzy. But the hard line in the sand has been drawn. Zero by 2050.

And even that is just to give us favorable odds of success. As Hertzgaard says:
In fact, even the "brutal" timeline of the WBGU study, Schellnhuber cautioned, would not guarantee staying within the 2 C target. It would merely give humanity a two out of three chance of doing so--"worse odds than Russian roulette," he wryly noted. "But it is the best we can do." To have a three out of four chance, countries would have to quit carbon even sooner. Likewise, we could wait another decade or so to halt all greenhouse emissions, but this lowers the odds of hitting the 2 C target to fifty-fifty. "What kind of precautionary principle is that?" Schellnhuber asked.
I don't imagine we Americans are really up to the task. The spirit may be willing, yet the body politic is weak. But, hey, we do love to gamble, don't we? It's sort of the national past-time. And this time we're playing for the only marble that matters...

Photo by Broken Haiku used under a CC license

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September 16, 2009

Plastic Power

Let's accentuate the positive today, shall we? The NYT's Green Inc. blog is reporting that a startup has an operating plant in the DC area that can convert used plastic (i.e. garbage) into usable fuel:

Entrepreneurs have been trying for years to turn low-value wastes into high-value products. Waste plastic is among the lowest in value, and gasoline or diesel fuel the highest, but machines to do that conversion usually consume a lot of energy and get gummed-up by leftover material that they cannot convert.

Now a company in Washington, D.C., is trying out a new way -- heating the plastic to a very carefully controlled temperature range, with infra-red energy.

The company, Envion, is expected to cut the ribbon on Wednesday morning on a $5 million plant that it says will annually convert 6,000 tons of plastic into nearly a million barrels of something resembling oil. The product can be blended with other components and sold as gasoline or diesel.

"We are the world's largest oil consumer and the world's biggest producer of waste," said Michael Han, chairman and chief executive of the company.

This process will convert one to the other for about $10 a barrel, he said.

An important element to the conversion is that the process is electrically powered -- no fuel is burned on-site to run the converter -- so that a renewably-powered plastic-to-gasoline facility is inevitable.

This is quite a game-changing development given that we're drowning our land and choking our seas with plastic -- much of it not recyclable. This process offers at least the hope that we'll find a way to stay afloat.

On the other hand, it's worth observing that plastic represents a fairly stable way to sequester carbon. By turning it into fuel and then burning it, we're putting even more carbon into the atmosphere. But if this scales massively and ultimately is able to displace conventional oil production (itself a carbon-intensive process) we might be looking at a real win-win. See! I stayed positive all the way to the end.

Photo by meaduva used under a CC license

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September 9, 2009

Nightmare Scenarios

You know, I keep trying to stay away from this stuff, but I can't. Turns out there's a whole new wrinkle on climate change. Once the glaciers melt and all that weight pressing down on the earth's crust lifts, seriously bad things start to happen (via the Guardian):

Scientists are to outline dramatic evidence that global warming threatens the planet in a new and unexpected way -- by triggering earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches and volcanic eruptions.

Reports by international groups of researchers -- to be presented at a London conference next week -- will show that climate change, caused by rising outputs of carbon dioxide from vehicles, factories and power stations, will not only affect the atmosphere and the sea but will alter the geology of the Earth.

Melting glaciers will set off avalanches, floods and mud flows in the Alps and other mountain ranges; torrential rainfall in the UK is likely to cause widespread erosion; while disappearing Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets threaten to let loose underwater landslides, triggering tsunamis that could even strike the seas around Britain.

At the same time the disappearance of ice caps will change the pressures acting on the Earth's crust and set off volcanic eruptions across the globe.

Yikes! One would hope this all is far enough off that none of it is baked into the climate (as certain amounts of warming and sea level rise already are). But it certainly means that we need to get our act together ASAP. It also means that we may need to pay a bit more attention to geo-engineering schemes. Not the wacky ones, like giant space shades, of course. But did I mention that someone has invented a magic carbon eating machine, and it's considered one of the best geo-engineering options by UK engineers?

Top of their list of practical solutions that would be low-carbon to build and require only existing technologies were artificial trees. These units, invented by Columbia University scientist Klaus Lackner, would be the size of a standard shipping container and could remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere. "100,000 trees would take up an area of around 600 hectares, which is less than 10% of the surface area of the Firth of Forth, and that would be able to absorb the CO2 emissions of the UK's non-power sector annually," said Fox.

Currently the UK produces 556 megatonnes of CO2 per year and the 100,000 trees could absorb around 60% of that amount. The engineers calculated that forests of artificial trees powered by renewable energy and located near depleted oil or gas fields, where the trapped CO2 could be buried, would be thousands of times more efficient than planting trees over the same area.

Making each artificial tree would require energy and materials but this would only account for 5% of the CO2 that the device could capture in its lifetime. On a global scale, between 5-10m artificial trees could absorb the CO2 emitted from all sources other than power stations.

We can't geo-engineer as a replacement for emissions reductions, but if it's tsunamis, volcanoes, landslides and earthquakes, I think we better expect to do a whole lot of both and soon. The good news: Congress is on the case! Oh, wait. No, they're not.

Photo credit: National Parks Service

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June 18, 2009

Fundamentally Unserious
While Tom Philpott at Grist has been following the cage match between the House Ag Committee and its chairman Rep Collin Peterson, and Rep. Henry Waxman, author of the Waxman/Markey climate bill currently before Congress, the latest doings seem to have broken through to the broader blogosphere. Maybe it's because the prospect that a handful of farm state representatives might really be able to kill our chance to address climate change. Or maybe it was because Peterson declared today that global warming is, all things considered, fine by him. After all, as he told the WSJ, all that warm weather will let farmers grow a whole lot more corn! He's not exactly sounding like a guy about to cut a deal.

Brad Plumer at TNR's the Vine detailed some of the Ag Committee's demands (which Natasha Chart has referred to as simple bribery). All of which is useful analysis. But what this is really about is that a good chunk of congressmen and women are fundamentally unserious about addressing climate change.

And why shouldn't they be? A good chunk of the media, of Americans, of everybody really (perhaps excepting Pacific Islanders) is fundamentally unserious about it. The Obama adminstration released a horrifying new climate change report yesterday and it had the impact on the newscycle of a wet noodle. Obama's science team all but announced the world as we know it was scheduled to end by 2090. Shrug. The tree fell. Nobody heard it. Moving on.

This is the part where some might be tempted to use the boiled frog metaphor. Sadly, it's patently false. Apparently, frogs are smarter than we are. Unlike us, they will act when presented with a slowly warming environment. The term I'm supposed to use (or so Wikipedia tells me) is "creeping normalcy" which:
refers to the way a major change can be accepted as normality if it happens slowly, in unnoticed increments, when it would be regarded as objectionable if it took place in a single step or short period.
Yeah, that's Collin Peterson all over. He doesn't really think farmers will grow more corn -- he's just tweaking enviros' noses with that comment. Collin Peterson simply doesn't believe in global warming -- or doesn't notice it anyway, which ends up being the same thing. Nor does anyone who calls Waxman/Markey an overblown "energy tax" or complains about how it's going to hurt coal-using regions. Let's face it, if you look at climate change legislation as just another regulatory reform then the big picture implications simply aren't scaring you.

Here's a counter example: If NASA announced that the planet-killer asteroid was on its way and we had less than 5 years to do something before it hit, I guarantee you that our response would be pretty energetic (with or without Bruce Willis in charge). But climate change isn't like that -- and it's certainly not like that in the developed West, so we feel free to treat Waxman/Markey the way we treat health care reform. There will be winners and losers and the trick will be how to make sure you're in the right spot under the money tree when Congress starts shaking it.

But I'm not despairing. Not yet. While cap-and-trade doesn't need to pass this year, if we can get it passed in any form, frankly, before Obama leaves office, we'll have the framework we need to start reducing carbon emissions. It can be sucky and remain a solid basis for reform. If we have a cap, we can make it lower. If we need to pay people to shut up and stop mining coal, we can. Let Collin and friends screw around with it a bit more. It's worth remembering that the "nuclear option" of the EPA's unilaterally capping carbon emissions is still on the table. Collin may not be thinking about that, but I guarantee you that Obama and Waxman are.

And as for that Henry Waxman -- the legislative architect of the climate bill, he is, as the Washington Monthly put it in their recent cover story on him, "the right man for the job." This is the guy whose opening acts involved taking down the tobacco companies, single-handedly stopping Ronald Reagan from gutting the Clean Air Act and then managing to expand the act to address smog and acid rain (read the WM piece for more details). As the article summarizes it:
If we are lucky--and it's a frighteningly large "if"--Waxman's fight on climate change is nearing its endgame, requiring not a decade of low-boil persistence but, rather, a couple of years of tenacious negotiating. Passing his energy bill into law will be harder than getting pollution legislation on the books twenty years ago, but it will also be similar--and a chance for Waxman to prove that, even after fifteen years in the wilderness, he still knows not only how to make a deal, but how to make the right one. "Waxman is a very skilled legislator," a former Dingell committee staffer says. "Ultimately, I don't think he would sacrifice his fundamental principles just for the sake of getting a bill. I think he would prefer no bill to a bad bill."
So if Waxman hasn't given up yet -- and he hasn't -- then neither have I. And note that we may be in for "a couple of years of tenacious negotiating." It will be excruciating but, with Congress and corporate America full of Collin Petersons -- not skeptics exactly, but certainly nonchalant about the whole climate change thing, it will be necessary. Creeping normalcy may yet do us in. The term pretty much defines the Senate, especially the creep part. But given that we don't seem inclined to put the frogs in charge, we better figure out soon when to jump.

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June 11, 2009

Big Ag Goes Green

Sadly, the green I'm referring to is the color of money. As Tom Philpott reports, Big Ag is trying to get an agricultural technique known as "chemical no-till" established as a legitimate carbon offset in the Waxman/Markey legislation. There's only one problem, all the research out there says that chemical no-till doesn't actually sequester carbon:
In no-till systems, farmers plant directly into fields without plowing. One of the main reasons farmers plow is to control weeds. In a practice that has become known among critics as "chemical no-till," farmers idle the the plow and rely on chemical herbicides for weed control.

...As a source of carbon sequestration, chemical no-till is a highly questionable practice. In a 2006 peer-reviewed paper [PDF] called "Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—what do we really know?," a group of soil scientists led by John M. Baker of the USDA's Agricultural Research Service took a hard look at conventional no-till. They report: "Long-term, continuous gas exchange measurements have also been unable to detect C gain due to reduced tillage." Translation: No-till doesn't seem to sequester carbon. Their conclusion: "Though there are other good reasons to use conservation tillage, evidence that it promotes C sequestration is not compelling." The report compelled climate expert and frequent Grist contributor Joe Romm to declare that no-till farming "does not save carbon and is not a carbon offset."
So the USDA itself thinks the practice's emissions impact is bogus. In fact, there's even evidence that chemical no-till leads to increased carbon emissions through nitrous oxide outgassing from the synthetically fertilized fields. And who's taking the lead in all this? Why our good friends at Monsanto, of course!
Monsanto's "Roundup Ready" seeds--genetically modified to withstand lashings of Monsanto's herbicide glyphosate--have greatly facilitated chemical no-till in the Midwest: farmers can spray their fields with Roundup as needed, without affecting the crops. According to the Center for Food Safety [PDF], glyphosate use jumped 15-fold between between 1994 (when GMOs were first released) and 2005, generating a windfall in Roundup sales for Monsanto. Monsanto now clears more than $1 billion per year in profits from Roundup alone.
Monsanto has even created a new carbon-trading entity to take advantage of this glyphosate-fueled scheme. These guys don't fool around.

The unfortunate thing is that there is a no-till technique out there whose carbon sequestration benefits have solid science behind it -- the Rodale Institute's "organic no-till" regime, which I wrote about some time ago with regards to saving bees. So, there's hope right?

Nope. Because this is Congress we're talking about. To paraphrase Frank Herbert (and apologies to all you Dune fans out there), "He who controls the committee, controls the universe." And, the man you love to hate -- House Ag Committee Chair Rep. Collin Peterson, is in charge of ag offsets hearings. Guess how many sustainable ag experts or farmers are testifying? Would you believe "zero"?

This is shades of the recent and under-reported harassment of single-payer advocates during recent health care reform hearings. Not only were they not invited, but when a group of nurses attended hearings wearing t-shirts advocating their single-payer positions, they were arrested and thrown in jail. No, I'm not making this up.

If Congress doesn't hear the facts that apparently means they don't exist. So much for the return of science to Washington, DC. When the truth hurts, it's best to ignore it. And barring that, arrest it.

UPDATE: Meredith Niles of the Center for Food Safety has a great summary in Grist reviewing the science of chemical vs. organic no-till techniques.

Photo by Tracy O used under a CC license

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May 29, 2009

Laureates Throw Down the Gauntlet

A group of Nobel Laureates wants to tell you something:
World carbon emissions must start to decline in only six years if humanity is to stand a chance of preventing dangerous global warming, a group of 20 Nobel prize-winning scientists, economists and writers declared today.

The United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen in December must agree to halve greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 to stop temperatures from increasing by more than 2C (3.6F), the St James's Palace Nobel Laureate Symposium concluded.
Got that? And mind you, 2C is nothing to sneeze at. We'll still be looking at a significant sea-level rise (and even more for us here on the northeast US coast thanks to Greenland's melting glaciers), the disappearance of many Pacific island nations, persistent drought, disruptions to agriculture worldwide and, if Kofi Annan's new foundation is right, up to 500,000 deaths caused directly by warming every year. And, apparently, we'll count ourselves lucky. Because if we get beyond 2C of warming, we'll face, say the laureates, "unmanageable climate risks." Given that the best case scenario looks pretty bad, I would say this group might be understating things when they use the term "unmanageable." To put this whole thing in perspective, they compare the threat we face now to the Cold War-era threat of nuclear armageddon. Not good.

I have two observations about this. First, someone explain to me how a no vote on the Waxman/Markey climate bill brings us closer to halving worldwide emissions by 2050. It's late enough in the game that the quibbling on all sides has to go out the window and everyone needs to sign on to cutting emissions. It's fair to say that we've reached the point where, if you can't support something as "modest" as Waxman/Markey, then you fundamentally don't believe climate change is an existential threat. Period. Note to journalists: can you get politicians on the record with a reaction to this letter? Do they agree with the St. James statement? An unqualified yes or no, please. Thanks.

And second, I would like to point out the interesting fact that, according to the St. James Symposium website, Energy Secretary Stephen Chu is a signatory of the letter (having attended the symposium). This is good. But if Chu and his boss can't even manage to get a bill as watered down as Waxman/Markey through Congress, all the symposia and statements in the world won't help us.

h/t Climate Progress

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May 28, 2009

King Corn, Meet Big Oil

oil rig/corn fieldDrilling for oil in a corn field: will Big Oil squeeze out King Corn?Back in March, Tom Philpott flagged some moves from Shell Oil and Valero Energy (the largest U.S. oil refiner) that indicated Big Oil was falling for biofuels. Now, the NYT shows Tom had it right with a piece detailing the increasing amount of money Big Oil is spreading around to biofuel startups. This comes despite Big Oil's historical hostility to the ethanol industry. In fact, their objections to conventional ethanol might sound strangely familiar:

For decades, the big oil companies and the farm lobby have been fighting about ethanol, with the farmers pushing to produce more of it and the refiners arguing it was a boondoggle that would do little to solve the country's energy problems.

Oil companies still dislike corn ethanol, dubbing it corrosive and inefficient. Instead, their new investments are in second generation biofuels that use non-food crops, waste wood, and garbage as feedstocks.

CONTINUE READING THIS POST ON GRIST.ORG...

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May 26, 2009

Jatropha and the War on Drugs
With all the depressing talk about corn ethanol and how its allies may yet derail the Waxman/Markey climate change bill, I thought I'd throw out some more positive news on the biofuels front. One of the leading candidates for second generation feedstock is jatropha. It's basically a tree-like weed that grows quickly and doesn't need massive amounts of fertilizer and pesticides. To listen to experts describe it, jatropha sounds like the perfect biofuel feedstock:

The fuel emits almost no greenhouse gases, and the trees can capture four tons of carbon dioxide per acre. Jatropha takes almost no machinery to harvest

Now, jatropha is nothing new and is surrounded by as much controversy as other second gen feedstocks like switchgrass. As has been observed, any crop, food or not, can ultimately displace food crops and contribute to a negative land-use impact. As the UK Guardian points out, jatropha turns out not to do as well as advertised on marginal agricultural land without the use of fertilizers. There's no free lunch with biofuels, if you'll pardon the expression. But here's the twist, what if jatropha is explicitly introduced into particular regions of the world to displace narcotics crops? Two companies mentioned in this article -- one American and one Colombian -- are partnering in order to do exactly that.

Finding alternatives economic systems that can compete with the illicit drug trade is one of the greatest challenges for Colombia. I'm willing to consider jatropha and biofuels if the choice is narcotics and warlords. Now, of course, the two companies involved, Agrasun from the US and Live Systems Technology in Colombia, are very possibly practicing a bait-and-switch. They hold out the possibility of displacing drug crops but instead follow the same path as others and pick the low-hanging fruit of displacing food crops. Still, the notion of displacing coca with jatropha is an intriguing one. Let's hope they (and presumably the Colombian government) pursue this idea and don't just use it to sweeten their press releases.

Photo by R. K. Henning at www.Jatropha.org used under a CC license

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May 8, 2009

Regulation with a Side of Regulation
Dave Roberts tackles an important issue regarding climate change legislation -- why isn't cap-and-trade enough? Why do we need regulations that mandate utilities produce a certain amount of renewable energy in addition to a "market" price for carbon?
The answer is that unpriced carbon is not the only market failure. In fact, there are dozens, hundreds of such failures. If you sought to address them all with a carbon price -- a fairly blunt tool -- you'd need a very, very high price, and that's not going to happen. A politically realistic price on carbon, likely to be low at least for the first decade or two, will not address or overcome most of those failures.
He goes on to detail the reasons that utilities in particular require further regulation in order to move toward renewable energy (the short answer: the current regulatory regime incentivizes them to focus on the most capital-intensive solutions, like nuclear power or coal with carbon capture). The same is true, by the way, for vehicles. Cap-and-trade on its own isn't going to remake transportation in this country. We're still going to need new, much higher mileage requirements, huge investments in mass transit and, oh yeah, a non-joke "cash for clunkers" program would be nice, too. Anyway, everyone knows the answer to all our transportation problems is the anti-matter powered Warp Drive.

The important point here is that the ongoing debate over market forces vs. regulation is entirely misplaced. The government runs markets in this country. It's that simple. There's really no economic transaction of any significance, even in the laissez-faire US of A, that hasn't been shaped by reams of regulation and legislation. The simple act of going down to the corner store to buy a gallon of milk is informed by a long legislative process that runs from agricultural policy (setting the price of milk) to zoning law (determining the location of commercial enterprises) -- A to Z, nice huh?

To suggest that we can transition to a low-carbon economy via a single, "simple" solution, as proponents of a carbon tax do, is frankly unserious. It demonstrates, at best, a misunderstanding about markets and, at worst, a lack of interest in the entire low-carbon enterprise.

The same is true in our attempts to address food and agricultural policy. As I've discussed before, attempts to "reintroduce" the free market into agriculture is just code for "regulations that favor our interests" -- whether that's environmental subsidies for factory farms or crop subsidies that cause prices to drop below the cost of production and thus aid food processors from ADM or General Mills (couldn't think of a 'Z' company). If we were serious about getting healthy food to people who need it, we would quit screwing around and have the federal government mandate (and presumably fund) the presence of produce markets based on population density. No more fretting about food deserts then. The profit motive and price signals can't do it all by themselves, whether we're talking about climate change, food and agriculture or health care. Until we admit that fact and let government get into the re-regulation business, we're never going to be able to solve any of the problems we face.

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April 9, 2009

Bully for the CBO
The Congressional Budget Office just released a paper looking critically at the relationship between ethanol, food prices and carbon emissions. But it gets better. The CBO blogged about it!

Most ethanol in the United States is produced from domestically grown corn, and the rapid rise in the fuel's production and usage means that roughly one-quarter of all corn grown in the U.S. (nearly 3 billion bushels) is now used to produce ethanol. The demand for corn for ethanol production has exerted upward pressure on corn prices and on food prices in general. CBO estimates that the increased use of ethanol accounted for about 10 percent to 15 percent of the rise in food prices between April 2007 and April 2008.

In turn, increases in food prices will boost federal spending for mandatory nutrition programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as Food Stamps) and the school lunch program by an estimated $600 million to $900 million in fiscal year 2009. The Special Supplemental Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children--better known as WIC--is a discretionary program that provides a specific basket of goods to recipients rather than a set cash benefit, so changes in food prices in 2008 had an immediate impact on costs for the program. Under the assumption that the effects are much the same, increased production of ethanol would have added less than $75 million in fiscal year 2008 to the cost of serving the same number of WIC participants as in 2007.

Last year the use of ethanol reduced gasoline usage in the United States by about 4 percent and greenhouse-gas emissions from the transportation sector by less than 1 percent. The future impact of ethanol on greenhouse-gas emissions is unclear. Research suggests that in the short run, the production, distribution, and consumption of ethanol will create about 20 percent fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the equivalent processes for gasoline. In the long run, if increases in the production of ethanol led to a large amount of forests or grasslands being converted into new cropland, those changes in land use could more than offset any reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions--because forests and grasslands naturally absorb more carbon from the atmosphere than cropland absorbs. In the future, the use of cellulosic ethanol, which is made from wood, grasses, and agricultural plant wastes rather than corn, might reduce greenhouse-gas emissions more substantially, but current technologies for producing cellulosic ethanol are not yet commercially viable.

Apologies for the long quote, but when bureaucrats speak with such venom, it's hard to resist. Okay, maybe it only reads as venomous if you're an ethanol lobbyist or House Ag Chair Rep. Collin Peterson. I especially liked the direct linkage between ethanol's effects on food prices and the increased cost to the government via the school lunch program. And hearing a government agency expressing real concern over land-use issues surrounding ethanol is music to my ears. Even the future value of cellulosic ethanol is questioned. It's all good.

Bonus: Once you start pitting interest groups against each other (i.e. nutrition vs. ethanol), you have a much better chance of finding the political will to attack wasteful programs. This a pretty loud clarion call that the end is nigh for corn ethanol's Congressional free pass.

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April 2, 2009

Ag and the Climate Bill

I bet you're all on the edge of your seats wondering how the ag sector fared in the Waxman/Markey climate bill. Well, Meredith Niles of the Center for Food Safety waded through it and announces that it's a good news/bad news situation. First the good news:
The bill would require emissions standards for heavy duty nonroad equipment including tractors, combines and other heavy agricultural machinery. As well, nearly every food processing industry would be included under the cap if they produced above the threshold of 25,000 tons of CO2 equivalents a year. This would include everything from animal slaughter facilities to wet corn milling and snack food processing plants. In the Green Jobs section, the bill specifically notes the importance of establishing education and training programs for sustainable agriculture and farming and sustainable culinary practices. And, the bill includes fantastic initiatives to establish a National Climate Change Adaptation Council, which would examine the broad impacts of climate change on a variety of areas including agriculture.
I would also note that synthetic pesticide and fertilizer production (along with diesel fuel production) would fall under capped sectors. All of that addresses huge components of industrial ag's carbon footprint. But as for agricultural activities that directly cause emissions, especially of -- you know where I'm going -- methane? Well, you can guess:
Under the proposed legislation the agricultural sector is explicitly exempted under the definition of "capped sector"... Unfortunately, the bill goes one step farther and makes additional exemptions under the uncapped sector section as well, where sources of emissions will be listed and then, in several years, formed into standards and promulgated into regulation. The bill specifically designates that sources of methane emissions be a separate category of this uncapped sources list, but then explicitly exempts enteric fermentation (i.e. livestock burps and farts) from being included on this list. Enteric fermentation is literally the largest source of methane emissions in the entire country. This means that not only are livestock left out of this bill, but the largest source of methane emissions would be left out of all future regulations for methane emissions in the United States from the uncapped sector.
In fairness, this is similar to what the EPA did in its recently announced national carbon inventory i.e. it won't count enteric fermentation. The EPA, however, explicitly included manure management at factory farms -- itself a major source of methane. Waxman/Markey doesn't mention it. Niles assumes that leaves manure exempt but I'm not so sure. My reading would be that if you're not named as exempt, you're in. However, it's disconcerting that such a major source of methane doesn't get listed in some "including the following" type of clause. I imagine there was a fair bit of wrangling going on. Still, I don't think you'd say agriculture got a free pass -- there are several other ag-related methane sources (such as rice farming) that, while unmentioned in the bill, are also not specifically exempted from future regulation.

We're clearly not ready as a society to face explicit limitations on meat production and this bill acknowledges it. That said, I wonder what factory farms will look like under a capped system, i.e. when much of the external costs related to raising livestock are incorporated. Meat (especially beef) certainly won't seem quite so cheap anymore. Will that, I wonder, be enough?

Photo by JenWaller used under a CC license

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March 5, 2009

Rainforests: It Gets Worse
Well, I needed something to replace my fear of an imminent catastrophic melting of the permafrost. Looks like I found it (via Grist):
Drought is killing off trees in Brazil's fragile Amazon rain forest and depleting the region's carbon reservoirs -- an ecological double-whammy with devastating implications, according to a study published Thursday.

Researchers said the total impact of the drought was an additional five billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere -- more than the combined annual emissions of Europe and Japan.

The research from more than 40 institutions around the world was gathered during the particularly harsh 2005 drought, which had a severe impact on the flora of the Amazon.

The drought that year dramatically reversed decades of carbon absorption, the researchers said.
Oh well.

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March 3, 2009

Don't Count on the Rainforests

Scientists in Australia have discovered that one of the primary assumptions surrounding tropical rainforests - that they can continue to absorb massive amounts of carbon as the climate warms - is dead wrong. Business Green reports that according to this new research:
...even a two degree increase in average global temperatures will see the "carbon sink" effect currently provided by the world's rainforests cut in half.

It also calculates that should temperatures reach four degrees above pre-industrial levels, the rate of forest die-off will reach a level where rainforests become a net contributor to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, potentially triggering runaway climate change.

We're on a path to more than two degree warming right now. I wonder how this will look when NASA or the IPCC plugs this new data into their climate models. I'm thinking bad.

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February 24, 2009

Not Helpful
NASA launched a satellite yesterday designed to monitor levels of atmospheric CO2 in far more detail and depth than ever before. Scientists consider the data to be gathered crucial to understanding 1) how much CO2 is really there and 2) how best to mitigate climate change.

But something has gone awry. According to NASA:
NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite failed to reach orbit after its 4:55 a.m. EST liftoff Feb. 24 from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Preliminary indications are that the fairing on the Taurus XL launch vehicle failed to separate. The fairing is a clamshell structure that encapsulates the satellite as it travels through the atmosphere.

The spacecraft did not reach orbit and likely landed in the Pacific Ocean near Antarctica, said John Brunschwyler, the program manager for the Taurus XL.

A Mishap Investigation Board is to determine the cause of the launch failure.
That sucks. Anybody have a spare Orbital Carbon Observatory sitting around?

Photo: NASA

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February 17, 2009

Moratorium on the Moratorium Moratorium
Alternate title: Jackson Strikes Back

In what will not, I hope, be the last strikethrough of Bush administration EPA rules, EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson effectively re-instated a ban on new coal-fired power plants. In the waning days of the Bush era, then EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson refused to allow the EPA to regulate carbon emissions as a pollutant from coal-fired power plants claiming that a ruling of law on the matter was merely a "suggestion." Jackson, as expected, disagreed and has now kicked off a new rule-making process for carbon from coal plants. As Grist observes, this may be the starting point for the EPA to regulate carbon more generally under the Clean Air Act. And as the Sierra Club's chief climate counsel David Bookbinder points out, the uncertainly surrounding the regulation will likely freeze financing for investments in coal. Good times.

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February 16, 2009

Killing King Coal
In what may be a watershed, the NYT broached the subject of the death of coal. Who ever thought you'd read this kind of thing in a paper of record any time soon:
The coal industry, which powered the industrial revolution and supplied America with much of its electricity for more than 60 years, is in a fight for its survival.

With concerns over climate change intensifying, electricity generation from coal, once reliably cheap, looks increasingly expensive in the face of the all-but-certain prospect of regulations that would impose significant costs on companies that emit large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
The article goes on to describe the obstacles to implementing so-called "clean coal" - like the idea that rock in many parts of the South is too porous for carbon capture and sequestration technology to work: the carbon gas would just leak out. And the likelihood that coal will stay in our energy mix for a long time - mostly because of the 600 legacy coal-fired power plants still running.

But the article misses a couple of important points. A lot of attention is given to the costs for coal power associated with climate change legislation in terms of a market price for carbon as well as the costs to incorporate carbon capture (which will likely run into the billions per coal plant). But that ignores the fact that, even now, when coal plants are proposed that use the best available anti-pollution technologies for mercury, nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide, they turn out to be more expensive (and take longer to build) than cleaner alternatives. Now that the Obama EPA re-writing mercury emissions regulations, the coal industry will have trouble just complying with those. It's easy to see why states are losing interest in coal-fired power plants having nothing to do with carbon capture.

So the only question that matters, it seems to me, is how you get rid of those 600 legacy plants. And the answer is: energy efficiency. The Rocky Mountain Institute recently published a study on what they called the "efficiency gap." They determined that if all 50 states were as energy efficient as the top ten most efficient states then "more than 60 percent of coal-fired generation could be displaced" - as in shut down. That's 360 coal-fired power plants right there.

It's also crucial to allow what's called "decoupling" so that utilities can adjust rates more freely in order to reward customers for energy efficiency (most utilities currently have the perverse incentive to encourage energy use among their customers since they are only allowed to make money by selling more electricity). California currently practices this (as Joe Romm explains in detail) which is part of the reason why their energy use per capita has remained at 1990 levels. Rep. Henry Waxman attempted (and, I believe, failed) to insert a decoupling provision in the stimulus.

If we focus on those two things, we'll have a lot more luck getting rid of coal than if we throw billions of dollars and years of effort on carbon capture. Which is why I'm much happier when Steven Chu agrees with me, than when he doesn't.

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February 6, 2009

Back Door Reform

In the waning days of the Bush administration, the USDA created the Office of Ecosystem Services and Markets and named the number two person at the Forest Service, Sally Collins, as head of the new office - a position she has retained. They didn't do it out of the goodness of their hearts, of course - its creation was mandated by the 2008 Farm Bill. As then USDA chief Ed Schafer described it in a December press release:
Our Nation's farms, ranches and forests provide goods and services that are vital to society - natural assets we call "ecosystem services..." The Office of Ecosystem Services and Markets will enable America's agriculture producers to better compete, trade their services around the world, and make significant contributions to help improve the environment.
To me this smacks a bit too much of the right's steamy love affair with cost-benefit analysis and its attempt to put a dollar value on every public good. That said, coming from a group that typically looks at a tree and sees the wrong kind of green, I guess it represents progress. The press release seems downright resentful that landowners whose properties provide "clean water and air, wildlife habitat, carbon storage, and scenic landscapes... are not generally compensated for providing these critical public benefits." Poor, unappreciated landed gentry. I guess we're all bleeding-hearts now.

Sadly, no matter how desperately you may want to discover the dollar value of bison habitat, the OESM (or however you shorten that mouthful of a name) will instead start its work with carbon sequestration, which is probably a good thing. As the Christian Science Monitor explains:
the focus is on cataloging land-use activities that trap carbon and developing an acceptable standard for measuring them. The first step is setting up verifiable national standards -- eco-bean counting for carbon sequestration as a 21st-century commodity crop.
Now, when you throw in various comments Tom Vilsack has made regarding the role of carbon sequestration in agriculture and forestry, one interpretation is that forests and farms will play a central role in an offset regime as part of an Obama administration cap-and-trade system. The idea, as I've explained before, is that companies would purchase the right to emit carbon by paying other companies to reduce their carbon emissions by an equivalent amount. Unfortunately, such programs really don't work. Offset regimes are easy to game and hard to measure. Europe's offset program has been an unmitigated disaster and is likely to be phased out within a few years. Why then are we laying the groundwork for our own?

It makes even less sense when you realize that Big Ag isn't exactly what scientists would call a "carbon sink" - rather it's responsible for a significant chunk of US carbon emissions. And all that nitrogen fertilizer running off those monocrop fields doesn't make the water any cleaner. And those livestock ranches? Don't get me started.

But I think Vilsack and Obama something quite different in mind. This isn't meant to be the next ethanol boondoggle. It's designed to be a big fat juicy carrot. Through this office, the USDA will officially take a position on ag sector greenhouse gas emissions. We're not just going to get a list of the good practices, we're going to get a list of the bad ones, too. The CSM article hints at where all this is leading:

The idea is to nurture food- and fiber-producing activities that are more climate-friendly. Over time, Collins says by phone from Washington, "Where we go from here will alter the discussion of how the country thinks about natural resources."

The program will be similar to payments farmers currently receive to rest their land in order to preserve the soil, restoration of wetlands along rivers by municipalities to promote water quality and flood control, and "biodiversity banks" in which landholders that affect habitat for endangered species are required to provide equal or greater amount of habitat elsewhere.

How's that for flipping the farm subsidy system on its head? The government will pay you to farm sustainably. Vilsack himself suggested as much in an interview in the Des Moines Register on the shrinking number of mid-size farms:
Increased payments to farmers for land-conservation measures should help keep smaller operations in business, and those farms also could get checks in the future for reducing carbon emissions, he said.
That would be downright radical. Its not a frontal assault on Big Ag - it is rather quite an elegant flanking maneuver. If you can start increasing the pot of subsidy money available for low-carbon farming, it strikes me as at least conceivable that you could start squeezing the old-school commodity crop subsidies without the same level of outrage (Collin Peterson notwithstanding) you might otherwise incite.

Tie all that in with a just-announced pilot project that will allow farmers who receive commodity crop subsidies to plant some of their acreage with vegetables (usually illegal) and you start to see the beginnings of where Vilsack might be headed. Giving commodity crop farmers a "way-out" of the subsidy system without having to go cold turkey combined with additional financial incentives to move toward sustainable farming? I'm now officially intrigued.

Photo by Ed Yourdon used under a CC license

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January 29, 2009

Peak Everything

Felix Salmon mused on the subject of Peakniks recently (and what a neologism THAT is!) after reading Ben McGrath's entertainingly morbid piece "The Dystopians" in The New Yorker ($ub req'd). While it's worth observing that "peaknik" has typically referred to Peak Oilers, I think it's safe to say that we're all peakniks now.

McGrath talks mostly about financial doomsayers, i.e. Peak Debt and Peak Dollars, but refers generally, if somewhat dismissively, to the "Peaknik Diaspora" and some of its adherents. These would be folks who "believe" in Peak Oil, Peak Carbon, Peak Dirt, Peak Fish. Personally, I think Peak Carbon is a not terribly useful way to refer to climate change - although "climate change" is itself a not terribly useful way to refer to climate change (something that Gar Lipow has taken it upon himself to fix). Peak Things, in my humble opinion (speaking of which, why did IMHO go out of favor? Is there no longer any humility on the Internet?), should only refer to resource maximums. Switching that around for carbon - i.e. we're trying to stop producing carbon so we can declare/achieve Peak Carbon and continue reducing from there - is just plain confusing. So let's dispense with Peak Carbon.

Peak Dirt (aka Peak Soil), on the other hand, is very real. Or rather the underlying problem of soil erosion is very real. Industrial agriculture with its "fencerow-to-fencerow" monocropping techniques and mass applications of synthetic fertilizer further exacerbates the problem (although there's a peak for fertilizer, too - Peak Phosphorus). Anyway, I happen to think "Peak Dirt" is also confusing - I prefer "The Soil Crisis." Yes, we're losing topsoil at an alarming rate. But we're also expanding the amount of land under the till in many parts of the world. Ironically, we're doing it in most cases via deforestation or through expansion into marginal or ecologically fragile land, which only increases the rate of erosion. Indeed, farmers in the US responded to spiking prices and damaging floods last summer by making a forceful but failed attempt to get government permission to plant on land protected under federal conservation programs.

Meanwhile, development pressures in urban and suburban areas continue to reduce farmland in and around cities - which has nothing to do with erosion. The land is still fertile, it's just more valuable with a house on it. Well, maybe not at the moment - which begs the question, when will we start plowing all those McMansions under and planting organic vegetables on top of them? No one wants big houses anymore, right? And, of course, none of this takes into account the coming conflicts over land use for alternative energy as solar, wind and biofuel development contend with agriculture for acreage around the world. Definitely less of a Peak than a Crisis.

Some even argue that soil is a more precious resource than any of our other supposed peak resources. As food progressives Wendell Berry and Wes Jackson declared in their NYT op-ed on soil, "Unlike oil, it has no technological substitute." Without soil, there is no agriculture, full stop. Does that mean food is a candidate for Peak-hood now?

As for oil, yes, Salmon is right that peak oilers tend towards shrillness. But their number includes the International Energy Agency (a 28 member intergovernmental body that has historically assumed oil production would simply increase with demand. Not anymore) along with several CEOs of major oil companies. Oh, and half of oil company CFOs cotton to the idea as well (thanks for all that, Joe). Are they shrill, too? They seem more like Very Serious People.

Of course, the mother of all Peaks is one that McGrath didn't even mention - Peak Water. Sure, we're surrounded by it - but most of it is too salty. And though we drink, bathe in and flush a lot of it, agriculture uses the most by far. The water cycle doesn't itself increase the amount of freshwater in the world and we're draining most underground aquifers far faster than they are replenished (especially this one). Meanwhile, soil erosion contributes to flooding and leads to less efficient watersheds. And climate change is expected to bring superdroughts. It's enough to make you wonder how we'll have enough of the wet stuff to satisfy the needs of 9.2 billion people by 2050. Let's hope GE is right that soon we'll be able to drink the ocean thanks to clean-powered desalination.

So I will leave to others the worries over Peak Debt and Peak Dollars. I've got enough on my plate as it is.

Photo by Inaz used under CC license

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January 23, 2009

King Coal Hit Where it Hurts
Well, that was quick. In power 48 hours and already putting the kaibosh on new coal plants. Via the Sierra Club:
This is a great day for clean energy and people's health: Today the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) overturned the State of South Dakota's approval of the massive Big Stone II coal-fired power plant. The EPA's decision comes after the state failed to require state-of-the-art pollution controls for the coal plant - controls that would address harmful soot, smog and global warming pollution.

...The proposed Big Stone II 500-megawatt coal plant would have emitted more than 4 million tons of global pollution annually. The Sierra Club and Clean Water Action have been working to stop the Big Stone II project... for more than three years.
And THAT, my friends, really is change you can believe in.

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January 22, 2009

Cleanish Coal?
Now, don't anybody throw shoes at me just because I'm talking about coal. It's still bad and we should stop using it. That said, the Illinois legislature just approved a new coal-fired power plant with some interesting implications. True, Sean Casten at Grist isn't happy. The idea that his home state of Illinois, having just bequeathed us The. Best. President. Ever, is now gifting us another coal plant has prompted no small amount of teeth-gnashing. But despite his clenched teeth, he did take a moment to observe the that the state law under which the plant will be built will require the capture and sequestration of at least 50% of the plant's carbon emissions.

No, I'm not jumping for joy at the news. But it's worth pointing out that this will be an IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) coal plant, which means it turns the coal into gas before burning it. IGCC lets you take out most of coal's impurities (such as mercury and sulfur dioxide) and is the leading technology for so-called "carbon capture-ready" coal plants. There are only a few such plants currently in existence because - wait for it - they're really really expensive to build - up to triple the cost of conventional coal plants. Sorta takes the "cheap" out of what's billed as a cheap and abundant power source.

But back to the Illinois plant. Thanks to Casten's math and Kevin Drum's insights, most of the blog work is already done. Casten calculated that once you include rate increases, the new plant - which won't come online until 2014 - will generate power at about 20 cents/kWh. For the sake of comparison, I can buy baseload wind power today through a local power co-operative here in Philadelphia at an "unsubsidized" cost of 16.2 cents/kWh. Better not tell the Illinois legislature.

Moreover, Casten did even more math and determined that Illinois ratepayers are being charged about $400 per ton of carbon. Which is, as Kevin Drum points out, a market price for carbon that environmentalists would kill for and about 25 times the market price for carbon on the European carbon exchange (the only fully functioning carbon market in the world right now).

But here's where things get interesting. The EPA is supposed to develop carbon emissions standards for coal plants. The Supreme Court and the EPA's own Environment Appeals Board said so. And now we know that capturing 50% (and possibly as much as 60%) of carbon emissions from coal plants can be done without much effort. Even the Illinois legislature's plan calls for capturing 90% of carbon emissions for any plants coming on line after 2017. The question will be - is 50% going to be the standard for the EPA? Why not shoot for that 90% target right away? Lisa? Any thoughts?

And finally, to temper your own gnashing of teeth, the Sierra Club observes on its terrific coal-fired power plant tracking page (ah, the Internets) that this law really just kicks off a cost study, which could take up to a year to complete. And even then, the legislature could vote not to proceed (not to mention the fact that Blago's replacement may not be quite so coal friendly). In the interim, any number of cheaper renewable projects could come up for consideration with a lower cost and a quicker turnaround.

All in all, I actually see in this a small victory. To get a coal plant off the ground, Illinois:
  • set a short window for coal-fired power that incorporates anything less than 90% emissions capture
  • set a market price of at least $400 per ton of carbon emissions
  • could stop this plant in its tracks well before construction starts.
Not exactly a "shovel ready" project. I'm not a betting man (as far as you all know) but I wouldn't put money on this thing ever making it off the drawing board.

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January 19, 2009

The Unbearable Heaviness of Climate Politics
I'm a bit late to the party on this but it's still worth some attention. There's been a flurry of activity on the climate front, both scientifically and politically. First, via Joe Romm, comes news that the latest climate models suggest that the emissions targets President-almost Obama outlines in his climate plan of going back to 1990 levels by 2020 aren't aggressive enough. This news, combined with Stephen Chu's recent, and surprisingly robust, endorsement of coal power during his confirmation hearing, tempts Matt Yglesias to throw up his hands:
...If you look at [Chu's] testimony at his confirmation hearings, you'll see that good personnel doesn't repeal the mechanics of the political system and so there he was walking back earlier remarks he'd made about the evils of coal and the virtues of high gasoline prices.

Long story short, my best guess is that Obama's climate proposals are too ambitious to be enacted and too timid to avert catastrophe.

That would be bad since, if we do nothing, the Earth as we know it goes away. But I'm not ready to give up just yet. Obama certainly needs to get something done in the US during his first term - 2012 is now bandied about as the drop-dead date for the start of aggressive climate action. But it may be that Obama's greatest climate priority in the next year or so may be bringing China into the fold. Romm has been a big promoter of this idea and he finds some excellent evidence that the politics of the climate debate may require it. Here's what Indiana Sen. Evan Bayh had to say during Chu's confirmation hearing:
...Because [cutting emissions is] an important issue, we have to make sure it's going to work. And without China participating, it's not going to work, and I don't think it will get enacted. And a skeptic viewing their past behavior would have to say that's going to be a heavy lift. So, in a way that is, you know, verifiable and transparent, it's just going to be very hard to get them there. And so I think we're going to have to focus on that component early on in this process.
Bayh's a moderate and it will be the moderate Senators, both Democratic and Republican, who'll decide whether we get cap-and-trade or not. If Bayh says China needs to get its act together first, you can be sure his moderate colleagues are thinking the same thing. Perhaps this is why House Speaker Pelosi said earlier this month that the House may wait on cap-and-trade until 2010 (though don't tell Henry Waxman). The trick will be getting a climate bill that isn't riddled with loopholes, offsets and "safety valves." It may be that only with China singing from the same hymn book that we'll have any hope of that.

One final thought on coal: the Obama Green Team's comments have to be taken with, if not a grain of salt, than at least with the recognition that confirmation hearings are minefields to be carefully navigated, not bully pulpits from which to preach. There's no need to step on a Republican hair-trigger if you can avoid it - and making nice about coal to the Senate Energy Committee when you're still a Secretary-designate (not to mention a President-elect) seems good manners as well as good politics. And why shouldn't we spend the next few years trying to make carbon capture and sequestration for coal plants a reality? Better to push forward with such research during a time of free spending and economic stimulus rather than a time when the zero sum rules of research funding are in effect. Who knows? It may even work...

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January 16, 2009

Dept. of Unintended Consequences

Over at Grist, Sean Casten observes that many innovations which seem like perfect solutions at a small scale often bring massive unintended and damaging consequences at a large scale. He uses some nifty examples from the past to illustrate his point. My favorite item, though, is the fact that, at its introduction a century ago, the automobile was hailed as a miraculous, trouble-free solution to the reigning urban pollution crisis of the day - fetid air and streets full of animal "byproducts." No one at the time imagined that hundreds of millions of cars worldwide might ever exist, much less one day create pollution problems of their own.

Casten goes on to list the likely but unintended consequences of scaling up the alternative energy technologies required for our transformation to a low-carbon economy.
  1. The solar industry depends on massive volumes of silicon, which must be mined from quartz and purified of its oxygen with a healthy dose of coal and/or charcoal. Do we comprehend the increased size of quartz mines and (char)coal use to meet a solar-dependent grid?

  2. Any central power generation technology requires prodigious amounts of copper in the wires, which must be mined and purified, often with significant acid leaching.

  3. Any battery-intensive future -- whether for automotive or electricity storage -- is implicitly a world that puts us homo sapiens in much closer contact with large concentrations of heavy metals, from lead to cadmium or lighter metals like lithium.

  4. Fuel cells require large volumes of rare earth metals (platinum, rhodium, etc.) that tend to be concentrated in parts of the globe not always known for political pleasantry.
Efficiency, unsexy but powerful - you know, like Dick Cheney - holds the key. We need to squeeze every last joule out of our power and waste energy sources without relying on a 1 for 1 replacement of dirty power with "clean" power. We can't just scale up alternative energy sources to the same level as our fossil fuel-based system - we need to scale down our power demands, too. The good news is that Dr. Secretary Stephen Chu (or is it Secretary Dr.?) at the DOE is a big efficiency fan.

The even gooder news is that a slew of old, highly efficient technologies that had been washed away by the 20th century flood of cheap oil are reappearing as the floodwaters recede. greentechmedia offers a fun list for those keeping score at home. To some extent, the list simply confirms the fact that many of the technologies central to our low-carbon future have actually been around for upwards of a century. Things like geothermal cooling, solar thermal water heaters, gas plasma lighting, zinc batteries, biodiesel and even electric cars are all in that category. Tidal power, meanwhile, goes back a nifty 900 years. But there are also old and, in some cases, ancient technologies like "swirly water" - which involves using vortexes to purify water, dung "gasification" and ambient cooling systems that are just now being "rediscovered" as having commercial-scale potential.

But the fact remains, whether we're traveling back to the future or in, through and beyond, we're going to have to focus on doing more with less power. Anything else is a waste.

Photo courtesy the US National Archives

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January 6, 2009

Tour de News
Strap in for a whirlwind tour of recent articles that caught my attention. They point to all the moving parts involved with addressing climate change, from cap-and-trade to climate treaties to investment to regulation. First we've got news via Joe Romm that cap-and-trade legislation may have to wait until 2010. According to Environment and Energy Daily (sub req'd):
...Pelosi said she has sufficient backing in the Democratic-controlled House to move a cap-and-trade bill, but will not force the issue. "I'm not sure this year, because I don’t know if we'll be ready," Pelosi said. "We won't go before we're ready."
This somewhat complicates the latest round of negotiations for a new international climate treaty which requires countries to have domestic cap-and-trade deals in place in advance of a meeting in Copenhagen later this year. Of course, no one really expected the US to manage it and, given the last eight years, serious progress on the legislation will likely be enough to satisfy most negotiating partners.

Next we move to Dot Earth, where Andy Revkin reports that China's power generation growth and associated carbon emissions fell off a cliff in 2008 due to the world financial and credit crisis.


Romm observes that this may help the international situation since it presents Obama with an opportunity to get China on board the emissions-cutting bus. It's easier when a lousy economy does some of the work for you.

Which brings us to the UK, where the Transportation Minister Lord Adonis (really. Lord Adonis. Could there have been a better nom de plume for me? Ah well.) announced plans for a British SUPERTRAIN. Via Business Green.

The plans... would see new 200mph rail lines built linking the existing channel tunnel rail link with new high speed lines heading north to Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Scotland, and West to Bristol.

The new lines would centre on a new 12 platform rail hub at Heathrow, allowing travellers to easily reach the airport by car and also cutting rail journey times to the continent. A trip from Birmingham to Paris for example would be almost three hours quicker than it is now.

Clearly, we need one of those here in the US. The bad news for the Brits is that their supertrain may be used as a carrot to cram a much-maligned Heathrow expansion down UK environmentalists' throats (or is that not how you use a carrot?). Anyway, it's an awfully big, sweet, tasty carrot.

It's all part of the UK's stimulus package, which Prime Minister Gordon Brown is touting as a way "to take the next step towards building a far more environmentally sustainable economy." The opposition Tories, of course, think that's a load of hogwash because the ruling Labor Party's plans DON'T GO FAR ENOUGH. In a recent speech, opposition leader David Cameron, again via Business Green, denied:
Brown's claims that the UK had established itself as a genuine leader in the emerging clean tech market, arguing that the government had not done enough to encourage investment in low carbon initiatives.
You mean it's not normal to have the opposition be foot-dragging, anti-science climate deniers? Who knew?

Finally, we see an example of how regulation can beat the pants off a tax. California is planning to limit power consumption of flat panel tvs, effectively banning power-hogging plasma tvs. From the LA Times:
LCD -- liquid crystal display -- sets use 43% more electricity, on average, than conventional tube TVs; larger models use proportionately more. Plasma TVs, which command a relatively small share of the market, need more than three times as much power as bulky, old-style sets.
If you just added some kind of powerhog tax on those tvs, they'd still sell like hotcakes - people who spend that much on a tv aren't sensitive to a tax. Sometimes the government needs to step in and just say no. What kind of difference would it make? Try this on for size:
During a peak viewing time when most sets are on, such as the Super Bowl, TVs in the state collectively suck up the equivalent of 40% of the power generated by the San Onofre nuclear power station running at full capacity. Televisions account for about 10% of the average Californian's monthly household electricity bill.
Second only to refrigerators as the single most power hungry daily-use item in most people's homes. So it's no coincidence that refrigerators are the regulatory model for the new tv plan. Interestingly, some California utilities like PG&E are getting behind the proposed regulations since it would take so much stress off the grid.

There you have it. This disparate collection of news provides a good demonstration that, when presented with the various choices for addressing climate change, the answer is all of the above.

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January 3, 2009

The Carbon Debate Debate
There's a vigorous debate going on among a group of bloggers over a gasoline/carbon tax and what role it will play in addressing climate change which was kicked off by a Tom Friedman column on the subject in the NYT. For the basic outlines, see this from Mother Jones' Kevin Drum and this from Dave Roberts at Grist.

Suffice it to say that while everyone agrees that a gas or carbon tax would need to be really high to have an effect, even then it would be muted by the fact that a lot of people will still drive (or heat their homes). For his part, Roberts maintains that you'll never be able to tax or cap carbon out of existence - while both policies are useful and necessary, the ultimate solution will be regulation (e.g. super-high mileage standards) and public investment in alternative fuel and mass transit.

But in an article that lifts the curtain on the Obama administration's climate change plans, the NYT tells us that Obama has already decided: there will be no carbon tax. So much for all that vigor.

However, if you believe the article, we will be getting cap-and-trade - assuming of course that Larry Summers lets us have it. For, if nothing else, the NYT confirms that this country really has been in an almost decade-long snooze. We're waking up to the same internal administration debates the Clinton folks were having back in the nineties. And, while the political (not to mention the scientific) landscape has changed significantly, the arguments on each side, along with the people making them, haven't.
In the fall of 1997, when the Clinton administration was forming its position for the Kyoto climate treaty talks, Lawrence H. Summers argued that the United States would risk damaging the domestic economy if it set overly ambitious goals for reducing carbon emissions...

His view prevailed over those of officials arguing for tougher standards, among them Carol M. Browner, then the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and her mentor, Al Gore, then the vice president...

While Mr. Summers's thinking on climate change has evolved over the last decade, his views on the potential risks to the economy of an aggressive effort to limit carbon emissions have not.
Indeed, of all things, Summers, along with incoming OMB head Peter Orszag, favors a carbon tax. Browner, not surprisingly, doesn't like that idea, having been burned back in '93 when President Clinton's proposed version of a carbon tax cratered. And apparently, Obama agrees with her. So no carbon tax for now. You have to leave something for the second term, after all.

But having lost the cap-and-trade debate to Browner, Summers threatens to wield his +5 Green Eyeshade of Market Power and force "a maximum price or 'safety valve' cost [for carbon] in case permits become prohibitively expensive." Such a safety valve would render any cap-and-trade system toothless since it would only be triggered when we were all finally feeling the bite of a market price for carbon. In addition, Summers wants:

a phase-in of several years for any carbon restraint regime, particularly if the economy continues to be sluggish, a slower timetable than many lawmakers and environmentalists are pressing.

So now we know what to look for. Yes, Summers has already lost a big argument on environmental policy despite his much ballyhooed powers of persuasion. But he still has the ability to undercut serious cap-and-trade. When and if the administration talks about the need for a safety valve or long phase-ins, we'll know Summers won this one.

What makes this debate important, though, isn't really the particulars of administration infighting, especially because it doesn't answer how a market price for carbon fits into a plan to move us to a low-carbon economy. What really concerns me is the question of how we are going to do all the things that need to be done if we can't even implement a cap-and-trade system with teeth. Anyone?

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December 24, 2008

Christmas Cheer
As you may have noticed, things have been quiet here at Beyond Green. Mrs. Beyond Green and I, along with the Beyond Greenlets, have been busy with this and that. But on this Christmas Eve, I thought I'd share with you a heart-to-heart I had tonight with my visiting sister-in-law who's a paleoclimatologist. We were talking, as you might expect on a festive night like this, about deep ocean currents - her specialty, as it happens.

She assured me that, no, Virginia, the oceans will not start spewing poison gas any time soon. In fact, the doomsday scenario I was ruminating upon recently isn't really possible except on a geologic timescale, i.e. millions of years. While it's true that the deep ocean currents will be affected by climate change, it will be a result of the change in salinity due to melting glaciers rather than warmer ocean water per se. That's sure to cause alterations in the climate, but at least on the "human" timescale of the next few thousand years, won't be enough to cause the oceans to go anoxic. And it won't cause Europe to plunge into an instant ice age the day after tomorrow, either. All of which I found rather cheering.

With that thought to warm you, I wish everyone Happy Holidays. Posting will be light over the next week. So keep an eye on things for me.

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December 19, 2008

Defrosted

The annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union or, as I like to call it, the Doomsday Society, has just concluded. The topics of the moment were ice, as in melting, and methane, as in releasing lots of. And the methane they're talking about isn't the stuff coming out the back of the front of farm animals. It's the methane that's been trapped in the permafrost, both in the frozen tundra as well as underwater (did you all know there was undersea permafrost?). Turns out there's a lot it - as much as there is carbon in the atmosphere right now. Which would be fine and dandy, if only the permafrost weren't melting. Melting permafrost is, as Joe Romm observes, a tragically under-reported story. That's surprising since, via Romm:
  • Siberian tundra contains probably the world's largest amount of carbon locked away in the permafrost.
  • As it defrosts, much of the tundra's carbon would be released as methane, which is 20 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
  • "The year 2007 was the warmest on record for the Arctic," according to NOAA.
  • NOAA reported that methane levels rose in 2007 for the first time since 1998 (see here).
  • Scientific analysis suggests the rise in 2007 methane levels came from Arctic wetlands (see here).
  • The tundra feedback, coupled with the climate-carbon-cycle feedbacks, could easily take us to the unmitigated catastrophe of 1,000 ppm.
Now, I wouldn't run for the hills just yet. But I will say this. Whenever scientists talk about something triggering the climate "tipping point" aka "point of no return" aka "the human race's terrible, horrible, no good, really bad day," they invariably talk about a catastrophic release of all that methane.

Thanks to the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event (aka "the Great Dying") when, as I recall Wikipedia tells us, "96 percent of all marine species and 70 percent of terrestrial vertebrate species" went extinct (not to mention the fact that it was "the only known mass extinction of insects"), we have a pretty good idea what happens when there's a massive release of methane and catastrophic heating. Fun fact: many scientists now believe that all the heat in the ocean back in the Permian caused the deep ocean currents to shut down, which in turn caused a build-up of sulfides underwater that then bubbled out of the ocean as hydrogen sulfide gas (a "broad spectrum poison" Wikipedia says) which floated onto land and killed almost everything. I swear I'm not making this up. Point being, running for the hills won't really help anyway.

So forgive me a brief quake in the boots when a scientist studying underwater permafrost talks about "large clouds of methane bubbles observed in the water column over hundreds of square kilometers" - bigger than they've yet seen. This melting permafrost might explain why those methane levels rose. Combine that with the 2 trillion tons of ice lost in the Arctic since 2003 and you get some seriously bad climate mojo.

You know what? I'm scaring myself. I think I'll wrap up there. Perhaps I'll spend the holidays in the hills.

Photo by Ludovic Hirlimann used under CC license

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